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PHG 203 > Descending Pathways > Flashcards

Descending Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

List the descending motor pathways

A

Corticospinal/Pyramidal tract

Extrapyramidal tracts

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2
Q

Which descending motor pathways controls :
Crude/ fine movement

And which part of the body?

A

Corticospinal/Pyramidal tract

  • discrete and detailed movement
  • especially distal segments of the limbs like fingers and hands

Extrapyramidal tracts
-executing gross movements of trunk and proximal limb muscless

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3
Q

Which descending motor pathways controls posture

A

Extrapyramidal tracts

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4
Q

most important output pathway from motor cortex is the ——— tract

A

Pyramidal tract

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5
Q

Pyramidal tract descend from motor cortex with only a little interruption to spinal cord
T/F

A

F

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6
Q

ORIGIN OF THE pyramidal tract FIBERS

  • ____% from primary motor cortex
  • ____% from premotor and supplemental motor area
  • 40% from———
  • ___% from ____
A

30

30

somatosenory cortex

3; bertz cells

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7
Q

pyramidal cells are in the —— lamina of—— lobe

A

5th

parietal

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8
Q

bertz cells are ——cells that give rise to ——-fibers with a mean diameter of about—— and transmit impulse at a velocity of____

A

giant pyramidal

large myelinated

60um

70m/sec

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9
Q

other fibers of the pyramidal tract beside the bertz cells are less than——- in diameter

A

4um

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10
Q

COURSE OF PYRAMIDAL TRACTS

  • motor area to ——- limb of ————-and then through—— to—— of the——( to —- nuclei) to——-to spinal cord
  • most of the fibers terminate on—— and only few terminate——-
A

Posterior

internal capsule

crus cerebri

cerebral peduncle

pons; pontine

medulla pyramids

interneurones; directly on the anterior horn cells

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11
Q

——% —— of the ——- pyramidal tracts occur in at the medullary pyramids while the ——— pyramidal tracts go ——-

A

80

decussation
Lateral

Anterior
Ipsilateral

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12
Q

pontine nuclei sends fibers that passes through the—— to inform the—— of the action about to happen

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

contralateral cerebellum

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13
Q

some collateral cortico——-/——- fibers from the pyramidal tracts go to motor nuclei of some cranial nerves

A

bulbar; corticonuclear

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14
Q

Lateral pyramidal tracts control muscle that move ——- and ——-

Anterior pyramidal tracts control muscle that move ——— and ——-

A

Arms and legs

Axial and proximal limb

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15
Q

Proxima limb / ——- muscles

A

Postural

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16
Q

Anterior pyramidal tracts decussate eventually.

T/F

A

T

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17
Q

uppermotor neuron lesion
-can cause:

—-paralysis
——-
——-(enhanced—— reflex) in the absence of muscle atrophy

A

spastic

hypertonicity

hyperreflexia; stretch

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18
Q 
lowermotor neuron lesion
-can cause 
——paralysis
muscular——
———stretch reflex
A

flaccid

atrophy

absent or reduced

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19
Q

Flaccid paralysis causes your muscles to—— and become—-. It results in——-

A

shrink; flabby

muscle weakness.

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20
Q

Spastic paralysis involves—— and—— muscles. It can cause your muscles to——-, or—-

A

tight; hard

twitch uncontrollably

spasm

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21
Q

The stretch reflex or—- reflex refers to the—— of a muscle in response to its—- stretching

A

myotatic

contraction

passive

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22
Q

Extrapyramidal tracts

-these include all descending motor pathways that comes from the brain and act on skeletal muscles but———

A

do not pass through the medullary pyramids

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23
Q

The vestibular nuclei are located in the—— and—- of the hindbrain

Red nucleus is located in the ——-

Location of reticular formation

A

medulla

pons

Midbrain

Through the whole brainstem

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24
Q

In extra pyramidal tract,
motor cortex,——,and——, all send axons that terminate in the—— where they synapse with motor nuclei of the——, the———, and——-

A

basal ganglia

cerebellum

brainstem

vestibular nuclei

red nucleus

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25
Q

In extrapyramidal pathway

Vestibulospinal(——motor neuron)(ipsi)
Reticulospinal(——motor neuron)(—-)
Rubrospinal(——motor neuron)(——)

A

alpha

gamma; ipsi

alpha; contra

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26
Q

in voluntary movements, there is co activation of alpha and gamma efferents

T/F

A

T

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27
Q

THE CEREBELLUM

-function includes—— and—— of movement of the body vital to control of——-

A

coordination; control

rapid muscular movements

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28
Q

The cerebellum initiates and modulates the tone and movements of joints
T/F

A

F. Doesn’t initiate

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29
Q

ANATOMICAL FUNCTIONAL AREAS of cerebellum

  • divided into 3 lobes by 2—-
  • anterior lobe(——cerebellum)
  • posterior lobe( ——cerebellum)
  • ____lobe(——cerebellum)
A

deep fissures

paleo

neo

flocullonodular; Archi

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30
Q

Cerebellum divided based on contribution from other parts of the motor system

  • ____cerebellum
  • _____cerebellum
  • ____cerebellum
A

spino

cerebro

vestibulo

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31
Q

Cerebellum divided based on contribution from other parts of the motor system

  • spinocerebellum :_____ +——- that receives info from the spinal cord
  • cerebrocerebellum :——— that receives input from cerebral cortex
  • vestibulocerebellum :____ is functionally related to the vestibular apparatus
A

whole anterior lobe; parts of posterior lobe

remaining part of posterior lobe

flocullonodular node

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32
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS of cerebellum
-_____

-____:divided into___ and____ zones

A

vermis

2 cerebral hemispheres

lateral

intermediate

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33
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS of cerebellum

  • vermis:
  • most cerebellar control of muscle movements of the_____ are located here

intermediate zones:
-control of muscular contractions in the——-

lateral zone:
-involved in overall planning of—— movements.

A

neck , axial body, shoulder and hips

distal portions of upper and lower limb like fingers , toes, hands, feet

sequential motor

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34
Q

Without the lateral zone of the cerebellum, most—— motor activities loose their—— and become——-

A

discrete

appropriate timing

incoordinate

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35
Q

BASAL GANGLIA

  • ____input is from—-
  • ___output goes to____
A

almost all ; cortex

all; cortex

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36
Q 
List the Make up of basal ganglia
——
——-
——-
———
A

Caudate nuclei

Lenticular nuclei

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantial nigra

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37
Q

Lenticular nuclei is divided into :

——and——-(—-)

A

putamen

globus pallidus; pallidum

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38
Q

Subthalamic nucleus aka——-

A

body of leys)

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39
Q

_____+____ = dorsal striatum and the space between them is called the____

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

internal capsule

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40
Q

FUNCTIONS OF basal ganglia

  • associates with pyramidal tract to control——- like——
  • damage to basal ganglia produces—— writing patterns
  • also involved in planning and programming of movement
A

complex patterns of motor activity

writing the alphabet

crude

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41
Q

LESIONS IN PARTS OF BASAL GANGLIA
(A) Globus pallidus:
-causes___ which is the______ and being unable to maintain____

(B) Subthalamus:
-cause_____ which is the_____

(C) Internal capsule:
-____which is the_______

(D) Substantial nigra:
-_____,xterized by_____

A

Athetosis; spontaneous writhing movement of a hand,arm, the neck, or face; postural support

hemiballismus; sudden or spontaneous , wild flinging ballistic movements of the limbs

Huntington’s chorea; flicking movement in the hand, face, or any other parts of the body

Parkinson’s disease; rigidity, hypokinesia, tremors

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42
Q

Difference between athetosis and chorea

A

Chorea typically involves the face, mouth, trunk, and limbs. Athetosis is a continuous stream of slow, flowing, writhing involuntary movements. It usually affects the hands and feet.

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43
Q

BRAIN STEM

  • consist of____,___,___
  • kind of an extension of____ into the____
A

mid brain; pons; medulla

spinal cord; cranial cavity

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44
Q

Brain stem contains only motor nuclei.

T/F

A

F. -contains motor and sensory nuclei

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45
Q

Location of pontine medullary nuclei

A

located in the pons but extends into the mid brain

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46
Q

PONTINE RETICULAR NUCLEI

  • transmits—— signals to the cord through the pontine /———tract
  • the fibers terminate on the——- neurons that—- the muscles that——
  • receive—— signals from local circuits within the brainstem and also from—— and——-
A

excitatory

medial retuculospinal

medial anterior motor

excite

support the body against gravity

excitatory; vestibular; deep nuclei of cerebellum

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47
Q

control respiration

  • control CVS
  • control GI system
  • control many stereotyped movements of the body
  • control of eye movement
  • control of equilibrium

Are all functions of ——

A

Brain stem

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48
Q

MEDULLARY RETICULAR NUCLEI

  • transmits—— signals to the same ——-through the medullary/——-tract
  • they also receive strong collaterals from——- tracts,—— tracts, and other motor pathways
  • excitation of this—— pathway allows the muscles that are—— to——- that would be impossible if the antigravity muscles opposed the necessary movements
A

inhibitory; antigravity anterior motor neurons

lateral reticulospinal

corticospinal; rubrospinal

inhibitory; inhibited; perform other motor activities

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49
Q

Which on the reticulospinal tracts have high degree of natural excitability ?

A

Pontine

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50
Q

VESTIBULAR NUCLEI
-functions with—— to——- the antigravity muscles through the ——of the cord

-the vestibular nuclei’s role is to control selectively the excitatory signals to the different antigravity muscles to maintain equilibrium in response to signals from vestibular apparatus (learn this Iseoluwa)

A

pontine; excite

anterior columns

pontine reticular

51
Q

without the support of the vestibular nuclei, the pontine reticular system doesn’t lose any of its force.

T/F

A

F. without the support of the vestibular nuclei, the pontine reticular system loses much of its force

52
Q

CLINICAL ABNORMALITIES OF CEREBELLUM

  • ataxia:——-
  • intention tumor:——-
  • hypotonia:——-
  • Dysmetria : inability to—- leading to——
  • asthenia:——
  • rebound :———
  • Dysarthria:——-
  • Dysdiadochokinesia:——-. E.g——-
A

staggering gait

tremor at rest and initiation of movement

reduced muscle tone

judge distance; past- pointing

reduced force of phasic movement

loss of damping function of cerebellum

slurring of speech

inability to perform rapidly alternating movements; turning the palm front and bank or arm up and down

53
Q

Pontine tract works on —- muscles while medullary tract works on —— muscles

A

Extensor

Flexor

54
Q

for eye movements requiring fine control, motoneurons innervate alot of muscle fibers
T/F

A

F… only a few muscle fibers

55
Q

For postural muscles involved in large movements, motoneurons innervate thousands of muscle fibers
T/F

A

T

56
Q

A motoneuron pool is the———

A

set of motoneurons innervating fibers within the same muscle.

57
Q

There are two types of motoneurons: —— motoneurons and —— motoneurons

A

α

γ

58
Q

α Motoneurons innervate——— skeletal muscle fibers.

γ Motoneurons innervate specialized——- muscle fibers

A

extrafusal

intrafusal

59
Q

α Motoneurons and γ motoneurons are coactivated .

T/F

A

T

60
Q

Muscle spindles are especially abundant in muscles utilized for——- movements

A

fine

61
Q

There are two types of intrafusal fibers present in muscle spindles:——- fibers and ———fibers

A

nuclear bag

nuclear chain

62
Q

both types of fibers are present in every muscle spindle

T/F

A

T

63
Q

Generally, which fibers are more, nuclear chain or nuclear bag?? And in what ration

A

nuclear chain fibers are more plentiful than nuclear bag fibers.

6:2

64
Q

Compare nuclear bag and chain fibers in terms of:
Size
Arrangement of nucleus

A

Bag is bigger and its nucleus accumulated in a central region

Chain is smaller and its nucleus is arranged in rows

65
Q

Sensory innervation of the muscle spindle consists of Ia afferent nerve, which innervates the—— region of———— fibers, and group II afferent nerves, which primarily innervate the ———fibers.

A

central

both the nuclear bag fibers and the nuclear chain

nuclear chain

66
Q

Motor innervation of the muscle spindle consists of two types of γ motoneurons:——- and——-.

A

dynamic

static

67
Q

Dynamic γ motoneurons synapse on —— fibers in “—— endings.”

Static γ motoneurons synapse on—— fibers in “——-endings,”

A

nuclear bag; plate

nuclear chain; trail

68
Q

——- gamma motoneurons synapse in endings that go longer distances

A

Static

69
Q

Which motor neuron is smaller and which is faster between gamma and alpha

A

Gamma is smaller and slower

70
Q

The group Ia afferent fibers in a spindle detects the —— of length change, and the group II afferent fibers detect the ____ of the muscle fiber

A

velocity

length

71
Q

The extrapyramidal rubrospinal tract originates in the ———and projects to motoneurons in the—— spinal cord. Stimulation of the ——produces activation of—— muscles and inhibition of——- muscles.

A

red nucleus

lateral

red nucleus

flexor; extensor

72
Q

The pontine reticulospinal tract originates in ——-and projects to the——- spinal cord. Stimulation has a generalized——- effect on ———muscles

A

nuclei of the pons ; ventromedial

activating

both flexor and extensor

73
Q

The pontine reticulospinal tract

Has its predominant effect on ——- muscles .

A

extensors

74
Q

The medullary reticulospinal tract originates in the—— and projects to motoneurons in the spinal cord. Stimulation has a generalized——- effect on ——-muscles

A

medullary reticular formation

inhibitory

both flexor and extensor

75
Q

The medullary reticulospinal tract

Has a predominant effect on —— muscles .

A

extensors

76
Q

The lateral vestibulospinal tract originates in the——-and projects to —-lateral motoneurons in the spinal cord. Stimulation produces activation of——- and inhibition of——-.

A

lateral vestibular nucleus

ipsi

extensors

flexors

77
Q

lateral vestibular nucleus

Is also know as the ———-nucleus

A

Deiters

78
Q

The tectospinal tract originates in the——- and projects to the—— spinal cord. It is involved in control of—— muscles

A

superior colliculus

cervical

neck

79
Q

The red nucleus is located in the——- ——- half of the———, dorsal to the——— complex

A

ventral; medial

midbrain tegmentum

substantia nigra

80
Q

Lesions above the midbrain cause decerebrate rigidity.

T/F

A

F

81
Q

lesions of the brain stem above the pontine reticular formation and lateral vestibular nucleus, but below the midbrain, cause a dramatic —— in extensor tone, called ——— rigidity.

A

increase

decerebrate

82
Q

The cerebellum aka ——-

A

little brain

83
Q

—— part of the brain controls synergy

A

Cerebellum

84
Q

synergy is the ———-

A

rate, range, force, and direction of movements

85
Q

Damage to the cerebellum results in lack of coordination.

T/F

A

T

86
Q

The cerebellum is located in the—— fossa just below the—— lobe. It is connected to the brain stem by———-

A

posterior

occipital

three cerebellar peduncles

87
Q

cerebellar peduncles contain only afferent nerve fibers.

T/F

A

F

They contain both afferent and Efferent

88
Q

There are three main divisions of the cerebellum: the ——-cerebellum, the ——cerebellum, and the ——-cerebellum.

A

vestibulo

spino

ponto

89
Q

The vestibulocerebellum is dominated by—— input and controls—— and—— movements.

The spinocerebellum is dominated by—— input and controls—— of movement.

The pontocerebellum is dominated by—— input, via—— nuclei, and controls ———and—— of movements.

A

vestibular; balance; eye

spinal cord; synergy

cerebral; pontine; the planning ; initiation

90
Q

The cerebellar cortex has—— layers

While the cerebral cortex has —— layers

A

three

Six

91
Q

Cerebellar output cells are the—— cells

A

Purkinje

92
Q

List the layers of the cerebellar cortex saying which is innermost, middle, and outermost

A

Granular innermost
Purkinje middle
Molecular outermost

93
Q

Of the cerebellum

The granular layer contains—— cells,—— cells, and———.

The Purkinje cell layer contains—— cells

The molecular layer contains ——-cells,—— cells,—— of Purkinje and Golgi II cells, and—— of granule cells.

A

granule; Golgi II; glomeruli

Purkinje

outer stellate ; basket

dendrites; axons

94
Q

In the glomeruli, axons of—— fibers from the ——cerebellar and ——cerebellar tracts synapse on ——- of granule and Golgi type II cells.

A

mossy

spino; ponto

dendrites

95
Q

output of the purkinje cerebellar cells are always inhibitory or excitatory???

A

Inhibitory

96
Q

Two systems provide excitatory input to the cerebellar cortex: the—- fiber system and the—— fiber system. Each system also sends collateral branches directly to——-, in addition to their projections to the cerebellar cortex. Excitatory projections from the cerebellar cortex then activate secondary circuits, which modulate the output of the——- via the——— cells.

A

climbing; mossy

deep cerebellar nuclei

cerebellar nuclei

Purkinje

97
Q
  • Climbing fibers originate in the ——of the——- and project directly onto —— cells.
  • These synaptic connections are powerful! A single action potential from a climbing fiber can elicit multiple excitatory bursts, called ——-.
A

inferior olive ; medulla; Purkinje

complex spikes

98
Q

Climbing fibers make multiple synaptic connections along the dendrites of Purkinje cells
T/F

A

T

99
Q

each Purkinje cell receives input from one or more climbing f iber.
T/F

A

F. Just one

100
Q

climbing fibers “condition” the Purkinje cells

T/F

A

T

101
Q

Climbing fibers modulate purkinje cells’ responses to ———input.

A

mossy f iber

102
Q

Climbing fibers also may play a role in cerebellar learning.

T/F

A

T

103
Q

——-fibers constitute the majority of the cerebellar input.

A

Mossy

104
Q

Mossy fibers system includes——-,——-, and——- afferents.

A

vestibulocerebellar

spinocerebellar

pontocerebellar

105
Q

Mossy fibers project to——- cells, which are—— interneurons located in collections of synapses called——.

A

granule

excitatory

glomeruli

106
Q

Axons from these granule cells then——- to the——- layer, where they——- and give rise to——— fibers.

A

ascend

molecular

bifurcate

parallel

107
Q

Parallel fibers from the granule cells contact the—— of many—— cells, producing a “beam” of—— along the row of Purkinje cells.

A

dendrites

Purkinje

excitation

108
Q

Purkinje cell may receive input from as many as 250,000 parallel fibers
T/F

A

T

109
Q

Mossy fibers produce —— spikes

Climbing fibers produce ——- spikes

A

Simple

Complex

110
Q

With the exception of—- cells, all of the cerebellar interneurons are———.

A

granule

inhibitory

111
Q

Say if the following inhibit or excite the purkinje cells

Granule cells
Basket cells
stellate cells

A

Excite
Inhibit
Inhibit

112
Q

Effect of granule cells on stellate, golgi 2, and basket cells

A

Excites them

113
Q

——-cells inhibit granule cells, thereby——- their excitatory effect on Purkinje cells.

A

Golgi II

reducing

114
Q

Basket cells and stellate cells inhibit Purkinje cells via——- fibers

A

parallel

115
Q

NT released at axon terminal of purkinje cells is ——-

A

GABA

116
Q

Cerebellar lesions result in an abnormality of movement called ——-. This is a lack of ——— and can be exhibited in one of several ways. There may be a ——- of movement or ———of a movement, causing the movement to appear uncoordinated.

A

ataxia

Synergy

delayed onset

poor execution of the sequence

117
Q

Ataxia may be expressed as dysdiadochokinesia, in which a person is unable to————

A

perform rapid, alternating movements

118
Q

Intention tremors may occur perpendicular to the————, increasing near the———

A

direction of a voluntary movement

end of the movement.

119
Q

Intention tremors seen in cerebellar disease = resting tremors seen in Parkinson disease.
T/F

A

F. They are different

120
Q

The rebound phenomenon is the——— a movement; for example, if a person with cerebellar disease f lexes his forearm against a resistance, he may be unable to————

A

inability to stop

stop the flexion when the resistance is removed.

121
Q

The supplementary motor cortex programs ——— motor sequences

A

complex

122
Q

——- motor cortex is active during “mental rehearsal” of a movement, even in the absence of movement.

A

Supplemental motor cortex

123
Q

motor homunculus is dramatically illustrated in——- seizures, which are epileptic events originating in the ———cortex. The epileptic event usually begins in the———, progresses to the———, and eventually spreads ——-(i.e., the “————-”).

A

jacksonian

primary motor

fingers of one hand

hand and arms

over the entire body

jacksonian march

PHG 203 (22 decks)

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