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PHG 203 > NEURONES > Flashcards

NEURONES Flashcards

1
Q

Neurones are —— cells

A

Nerve cells

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2
Q

Neurones are said to evolve from?

A

primitive neuroeffecfor cells

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3
Q

Cns+pns= how many neurones
Cns=how many neurones
How many brain cells

A

trillions of neurones

100 billion neurones

25 billion brain cells

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4
Q

Brain and spinal cord are continuous with each other at ——-

A

Foramen magnum

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5
Q

List the 3 layers of meninges that surround brain and spinal cord

A

Outer dura matter
Middle arachnoid
Inner pia

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6
Q

What fills the subarachnoid space

A

CSF

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7
Q

Which is more , glial cells or neurons and by how much

A

Glial cells

10-50 times

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8
Q

Mention 2 unique things found in the soma of a neurone

A

Nissl bodies

Neurofibrils

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9
Q

What isn’t in the soma of a neurone

A

Centrosome- they can’t divide

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10
Q

Nissl bodies

Eosinophilic or basophilic

A

Basophilic

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11
Q

Parts of a neurone where nissl bodies can be found

A

Soma and dendrites only

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12
Q

Function of nissl bodies

A

Protein synthesis, they have ribosomes

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13
Q

Nissl bodies have —— appearance after staining

A

Tigroid appearance

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14
Q

Which part of a neuron can neurofibrils be found?

A

Every part of a neurone

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15
Q

Nodes of ranvier lack——

A

Myelin

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16
Q 
Size of some
Lengthof dendrite
Length of axon
Size of nodes of ranvier 
Distance between 2 nodes of ranvier
A 
5-100um
Few 100um
Few um to 1m
1um
1mm
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17
Q

Mention 2 areas with very long axons

A

Pyramidal tracts-corticospinal

Peripheral nerves-nerve to limb(like sciatic nerve)

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18
Q

Myelin is a ____-_____

A

Protein-lipid

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19
Q
  • produces myelin in cns

- produces myelin in pns

A

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

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20
Q

Myelin. Continuous or not continuous

A

Not continuous

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21
Q

Veins drain nerves through ——?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

Speed of myelinated nerve is — times that of unmyelinated nerve

A

50 times

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23
Q

Neuroglial cells

Excitable or non-excitable

A

Non-excitable

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24
Q

Common site of tumors in a nervous system

A

Neuroglial cells

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25
Q 
Function of 
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes 
Microglia cells
A

Tight junctions to give Blood-brain barrier;regulate the extra cellular composition of the CSF

Form choroid plexus that secrete CSF; they also line the brain ventricles and spinal cord canal

Produce myelin and supportive function

Specialized macrophages

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26
Q

Functions of neuroglial cells of pns

Satellite cells
Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes

A

Surround cell body or soma

Produce myelin

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27
Q

Schwann can produce myelin to surround how many axons?

A

Just 1

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28
Q

4 zones of a nerve fiber

A

Receptor or dendritic zone

Initial segment

Axonal zone

Terminal zone

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29
Q

Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

A

Soma is attached to the side(cutaneous nerve)

Soma is in the middle (auditory neuron)

Soma is at the dendritic end

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30
Q

Relationship between diameter of a fiber, velocity of conduction, duration of spike, and duration of refractory period

A

Increase diameter-increase velocity-reduced spike time-reduced refractory period

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31
Q

Which fiber is most,less, and least susceptible to
Cocaine
Pressure
Hypoxia

A

Cocaine- most(C), less(B), least (A)

Pressure-most(A), less(B), least(C)

Hypoxia- most(B), less(A), least(C)

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32
Q

Which FIBER is for motor-muscle

A

A gamma

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33
Q

Which fiber is for pain, cold,touch

A

A delta

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34
Q

Which fiber is for touch, pressure motor

A

A beta

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35
Q

Which fiber is for proprioception and somatic motor

A

A alpha

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36
Q

Which fiber is for preganglion autonomic reflexes

A

B fiber

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37
Q

Gray matter is made up of

A

Nerve cell bodies and proximal parts of a nerve cell

38
Q

White matter is made up of

A

Remaining part of nerve fiber besides the cell body and proximal part

39
Q

Location of gray and white matter in brain and spinal cord

A

Brain: white inside;gray outside

Spinal cord: white outside;gray inside

40
Q

Bundle of nerve fiber is called,

A

A fasiculus

41
Q

Each nerve fiber is covered by?

The whole nerve is covered by ,

A

Endoneurium

Epineurium

42
Q 
Define
Axoplasm
Axolemma 
Axis cylinder 
Neurilemma
A

Cytoplasm of an axon
Continuation of cell membrane of soma
Axoplasm+axolemma
Covering of axis cylinder

43
Q

What is responsible for the white color of nerves

A

Myelin sheath

44
Q

Unmyelinated and myelinated fibers have Schwann cells

T/F

A

T

45
Q

AKA of neurilemma

A

Sheath of Schwann/ neurilemmal sheath

46
Q

Nucleus of the internode is located-?

A

Between myelin sheath and neurilemma

47
Q

Cns have neurilemma

T/F

A

F. So they use oligodendrocytes

48
Q

Cohnheim’s areas or fields

A

In some muscle fibers, some of the myofibrils are arranged in groups

49
Q

A in A band stands for

I in I band stands for?

A

Anisotropic band: light gets refracted to different directions

Isotropic band:light is refracted at the same angle

50
Q

Myosin has - light chains and -heavy chains

A

4 light; 2 heavy

2 heavy forms the tail

2 light forms each head

51
Q

There’s myosin head in the H zone

T/F

A

F.

52
Q 
Who has longer chronaxie 
Adults or infants
Red muscles or pale muscles 
Cold blooded or warm blooded animals
High temperature or low temperature 
Paralyzed muscle or normal muscle
A 
Infants
Pale muscles 
Cold blooded
Low temperature 
Paralyzed muscle
53
Q

Differentiate between

Summation, superimposition and beneficial effect

A

second stimulus is applied during contraction period, or during second half of latent period;one curve

second stimulus falls during relaxation period of first twitch;2 curves;second Is greater

second stimulus falls after the relaxation period of the first curve; 2 curves;second is greater

54
Q 
Tetanus and fatigue in 
Skeletal 
Cardiac 
Smooth
Nerve
A

S: possible;possible
C:not; not
Smooth: possible: not
N:no clue; not

55
Q

Chemical process of relaxation of skeletal muscle

Active or passive

A

Active. It’s physical process is passive

56
Q

Ph changes during contraction of skeletal muscle

A

Before: slightly alkaline
Start: acidic (atp breaks)
Middle: alkaline(atp forms back)
End: acidic(lactic acid formation

57
Q

End plate potential

Propagative or non-propagative

A

Non propagative

58
Q

Function. And origin of bungarotoxin

A

Deadly snakes

Blocks acetylcholine receptors

59
Q

Function of Succinylcholine and Carbamylcholine

A

Act like ACH and keeps the muscle in a depolarized state

60
Q

Function of Botulinum Toxin

A

Prevents release of Ach from the presynaptic terminal

61
Q

Smooth muscle spike potential doesn’t reach isoelectric base

T/F

A

T

62
Q

Muscular dystrophy involves the nervous system

T/F

A

F. It doesn’t

63
Q

Describe:
Hypertonicity
Hypotonia

A

Increased muscle tone;no stretch

Decreased muscle tone;too much stretch

64
Q

Kernicterus is caused by?

A

Brain damage by jaundice in infants

65
Q

Myotonia is ?

A

Continuous contraction; delayed and slow relaxation

66
Q

Terminal knobs are usually involved with with what?

Excitatory or inhibitory function

A

Excitation

67
Q

Terminal waves or coils or free endings without nerve are usually involved with with what?
Excitatory or inhibitory function

A

Inhibitory function

68
Q

3 examples of calcium channel blockers

A

Nifedipine
Verapamil
Diltaziem

69
Q

Functions of A alpha fibers

A

Proprioception and somatic motor functions

70
Q

Functions of Abeta fibers

A

Touch, pressure, motor

71
Q

Which sensory receptor has its own motor supply

A

Muscle spindle

72
Q

Function of Agamma fibers

A

Motor to muscle spindles

73
Q

Function of Adelta

A

Pain cold touch

74
Q

Sympathetic function of C nerve fiber

A

Post ganglionic sympathetic

75
Q

Dorsal root function of C nerve fibers

A

Pain, temperature, some mechanoreceptors, reflex responses

76
Q

Origin of 1a sensory fibers

A

Muscle spindle annulospiral ending

77
Q

Origin of sensory fiber 1b

A

Golgi tendon organ

78
Q

Another name for primary and secondary sensory nevers endings are?

A

Annulospiral; flower-spray spiral

79
Q

Origin of 111 sensory fibers

A

Pain and cold receptors, some touch receptors

80
Q

Origin of IV sensory fibers

A

Pain, temperature, dorsal rootC receptors

81
Q

Stretch of muscle annulospiral spindle causes?

Stretch of golgi tendon organ causes?

A

Contraction

Relaxation

82
Q

Axons end in ——- that are also a less ——-

A

Terminal buttons

Axon telodendria

83
Q

Local responses are graded

T/F

A

T

84
Q

Local responses can’t be summated.

T/F

A

F

85
Q

AP can be measured with ——

RMP can be measured with ——

A

ERM or IRM

ERM

86
Q

Difference between IRM and ERM?

A

Erm gives an approximate value of the time course

87
Q

Why is a spark produced at 15mV when generating AP in a nerve cell

A

The depolarization from 7-15mV is too rapid

88
Q

In cardiac action potential, what marks the end of phase 2?

A

Closure of Ca channels

89
Q

When does SA node depolarize ?

A

When Ca is entering in cardiac AP

90
Q

Difference between the repolarization phase in cardiac and skeletal AP

A

Cardiac-rapid

Skeletal-slow

PHG 203 (22 decks)

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