REFLEXES:The reflex arc Flashcards
connection between afferent and efferent somatic neurons in a reflex arc are generally in the—— or——-
brain
spinal cord
THE ARC!
-afferent neuron enters through—— nerves and have their cell bodies in the ——-ganglion or—— ganglia on the——- nerves
- efferent neuron leaves through—— root or corresponding——— nerves
- follows the——- law that dorsal roots are—— and ventral roots are——
dorsal or cranial;dorsal root ; homologous; cranial
ventral, motor cranial
bell-magendie; sensory; motor
*the sense organ develops a——- potential that can reach threshold to fire an AP through the—— neuron to synapse with the——- neuron and generate——- that could also reach threshold and fire an action potential through—— neuron to the ——-where——- potentials are generated on the muscle and AP is generated
generator; afferent
efferent; EPSP’s
efferent; neuromuscular junction
endplate
SPINAL CORD REFLEXES
- its for——- and——-
- 4 examples
- ____or____ reflex (——synaptic )
- ____or_____ reflex (——-synaptic)
- _____reflex (—-synaptic)
- _____reflexes that are integrated in—— fold for micturition and defecation
posture; locomotion
stretch; myotatic; mono
flexor; withdrawal; poly
cross extensor; poly
spinal autonomic ; sacral
STRETCH REFLEX
-aka—— reflex
-____synaptic reflex
-Action:____ of skeletal muscle with intact nerve fiber
Response:____
-sense organ:——-
-Neurotransmitter:——
-the sensory afferent neurons are Type—- and Type—-
-the motor fibers are the—— motor neurons that end on the______ fibers
myotatic; mono
stretch; contraction
muscle spindle
glutamate
1a; 2
alpha; extrafusal
tapping the—— of the face causes a stretch reflex in the——-
side
masseter
Knee jerk:tapping on___ tendon stretches the —— muscle leading to knee jerk response .
patella
quadriceps femoris
Effect of manual stretch on the quadriceps femoris
Same response
Tapping on the triceps brachii causes—— response at elbow. Triceps——- while forearm——
extensor
contract
extends
tapping on Achilles heel causes an ——— response .Meaning the foot moves towards the——- surface
ankle jerk
plantar
abnormal tendon reflexes
-e.g a pendular knee jerk as in——-
-e.g prolonged contraction and relaxation
As in——-
cerebellar dysfunction
hypothyroidism
hyperreflexia can occur in:
- ____: The—— rushes caused by—— can cause your reflexes to be more responsive than norma
- could also be a sign of damage to——-
Anxiety; adrenaline; anxiety
descending inhibitory pathways commonly associated with upper motor neuron lesion
Absent reflexes
-could be caused by——-
emotional depression
Damage to—— (like in tabes dorsalis ) or——-(like in poliomyelitis) or damage to fucking both (like in——) can lead to—- reflexes and ——muscle tone
afferents
alpha motor neuron
peripheral neuropathies
absent; poor
GENERAL FUNCTION OF THE MUSCLE SPINDLE
- monitors and regulates ——especially when it is——-
- contributes towards——- : has fibers in the——— tract and—— pathway
muscle length ; stretched
proprioception
spinocerebellar; DCML
INVERSE STRETCH REFLEX
-aka——- inhibition
*occurs when the skeletal muscle is—— or——:
-it first———
-instead the muscle——, meaning it gets——
-while the opposing muscle is——
-this response is the exact opposite of the stretch reflex
Receptor :——(an—— threshold receptor and responds to——-)
Location of receptor:—— or—— where it——
Sensory fibers: group—— which synapse on—— (aka——-)
autogenic
overstretched; stretched hard
reflexly contracts up to a point beyond which further stretch causes no further contraction
relaxes; inhibited
facilitated to contract
golgi tendon; high; increase in stretch
near the muscle-tendon junction; buried within the tendon ; monitors tension
1b; inhibitory interneurones; golgi bottle interneurones
A relaxed muscle is an inhibited muscle
T/F
T
Protective role of the inverse stretch reflex
- reflex directly regulates——- by——
- protects the skeletal muscle from ——-during——
muscle force or tension
applying an inhibitory effect on stretch or contraction
rupture ; stretch or contraction
peripheral neuropathies include :—— syndrome,—-(it’s never it),———(bone,hand), ——syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and ——itis
Sjogren’s
lupus
rheumatoid arthritis
Guillain-Barre
vascul
RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
-when muscle A—— in response to stretch, the antagonist muscle is—- and——
contracts
inhibited
relaxes
FLEXOR REFLEX
- aka——- reflex
- spinal reflex in response to a ——stimuli
- in this, there is reflex— of the limb resulting in its ————-
- note thatThe body can be trained to——.An—- body (or even—- or—— bodies) will——- reflex.
withdrawal
noxious/ noiceceptive
flexion
withdrawal from noxious stimulus
override this reflex
unconscious; drunk; drugged; not exhibit the
CROSS EXTENSOR REFLEX
- also—— reflex?
- when the noxious stimulus is strong:
- affected limb undergoes——
- irradiation of impulse to —-induces—— in the limb
- An example of this is when a person steps on a nail, the leg that is stepping on the nail—-, while the other leg——
withdrawal
flexion or withdrawal
contralateral limb ; extension
pulls away; takes the weight of the whole body.
Stimuli that produce withdrawal reflex
(1) ——
(2) —— of—— aspect of the thigh provokes a reflex——- of the lower limb with —duction
Pain
gentle stroking; inner; bilateral extension; ab
Function of the withdrawal reflex
- protect body against—-
- maintenance of——
- muscle activity during——
- important component in the—— mechanism of locomotion
injury
upright posture
locomotion
stepping
CONTROL OF UPRIGHT POSTURE AND BALANCE
-skeleton:—- bones and—-
Although skeleton can’t stand erect against gravity without the coordinated support of——
——muscles are controlled by
Brain, and—- mechanisms connected to neural networks of the brainstem and spinal cord
Long; many jointed spine
muscle activity
Anti-gravity
reflex
The ——- reflex is the simplest of all spinal cord reflexes, having——— synapses between sensory afferent nerves and motor efferent nerves
stretch
only one
Stimulus for :
Stretch reflex
Golgi tendon reflex
Stretch (lengthening) of the muscle
Contraction (shortening) of the muscle
Golgi Tendon Reflex is also called the —————- reflex
inverse myotatic reflex
Golgi tendon organs are arranged in____ with the extrafusal muscle fibers, contrasting the——- arrangement of muscle spindles in the stretch reflex
series
parallel
An exaggerated form of the Golgi tendon reflex is illustrated by the ——- reflex
While for myotatic reflex is the ——— reflex
claspknife
A persistent neural discharge, called an ———, occurs in the——- reflex circuits.
afterdischarge
polysynaptic
As a result of the afterdischarge, the contracted muscles remain ——— for a period of time after the reflex is activated.
contracted
