Sleep Flashcards
Sleep
-a state of unconsciousness or partial consciousness from which a person can’t be roused by stimulation
T/F
F
When it’s not coma na
Sleep is strongly influenced by circadian rhythms
T/F
T
About 2/3rd of our live is spent sleeping
T/F
F
Just 1/3🌚
Sleep is Essential for life
T/F
T
On average people are to sleep ___hrs a day
8
Functional significance of sleep
-The whole brain is still active
T/F
T
Functional significance of sleep
Redistribution or some re- organization in neuronal activity.
- The areas that become less active probably take some rest during which they can _____ necessary for generation of Action Potential
- Allow for both short term recovery and long term biochemical and structural changes necessary for memory and learning
replenish substances
sleep enhances immunity
T/F
T
Memory consolidation can occur during sleep
T/F
T
Brain maturation during infancy occurs during sleep
T/F
T
Sleep has Restorative function
T/F
T
FOUR STAGES OF SLEEP
-list them
falling asleep
- light non-REM sleep
- deep non-REM sleep
- REM sleep
FOUR STAGES OF SLEEP
- falling asleep :____sleep;____ begins
- light non-REM sleep:___sleep;___ block in senses making it difficult to be woken
- deep non-REM sleep:___ sleep;____ hormone is released
- REM sleep:_____ memory; ___occur
Light transitional; drowsiness
more stable ; chemical
deep; growth
revitalizer; intense dreams
Sleep cycles
- A young adult first enters ____ sleep→stages 1,2,3 and 4(__-___min) →REM(sleep lighten).
- NREM:REM=___
- NREM[(light or Deep sleep?],slow wave occupies __% -lasts ___min/cycle
- REM[Light or deep sleep],_____ ;___% of total sleep; lasts ____min/cycle
- Bouts of REM sleep usually appear on average every___ minutes
NREM; 70-100
1:4
Deep; 20; 15
Light ; Paradoxical; 80
60
90
Time spent in deep sleep decreases toward the end of undisturbed sleep
T/F
F
It increases
STAGE 1: of sleep
- ____sleep
- muscle ,brain and eyes activity ___ases
STAGE 2:
- eye movement and muscle activity ____
- brainwaves_____
light; decre
stops
slow down
STAGE 3 of sleep
- the brain produces very___ but _____waves indicating_____
- waves are ___ voltage potentials
- postural muscles tone is considerable/significant
- ____ease of peripheral vascular tone & other vegetative functions of the body, such as: a 10 to 30 % ___ease in BP, in respiratory rate & in basal metabolic rate
- sleeper is ____ to awake and may be____ if awakened
- Occurs during the ____ hour after going to sleep & it’s exceedingly ____
- The difference between this and REM sleep is that they’re associated with (more or less?)bodily muscle activity
slow ;strong delta ; synchronization
low
decr; decr
easy;disoriented; first;restful
Less
Possible to dream in NREM 4/3?
Yes but rare
that during the NREM last phase , consolidation of dreams in memory occur.
T/F
F
Doesn’t occur
REM:
- heart, breathing, and blood pressure ____eases
- body is ——, eye movement is ___ and dreams___
- ____ restful, ___chronised
- brain waves similar to that seen in the_____ state
- (slow or rapid?), (low or high?) voltage EEG activity
- Sudden ____ of pupils may occur
- Characterized with ___ movement of the eyes behind the closed lids
- Twitching of facial muscles and limbs
- Abrupt and complete (inhibition or excitation?) of tone in postural muscle /(increase or reduction?) in skeletal muscle tone
- (regular or Irregular?) RR and HR, BP
Incre
paralyzed; quick;begin
Less; desyn
alert and awake
Rapid;low; dilatation
Rapid; inhibition; reduction
Irregular
Secretion of ____, And increased____
- Dream reported_____% of time
- threshold for arousal by sensory stimuli is (low or high?)
- Occurrence of large phasic potentials , in groups of (____)
- The phasic potential originates from the____ →____ geniculate body →____ cortex →____ ( PGO)spikes
- PGO spikes activate_____ area that ___eases stretch and polysynaptic reflexes→hypotonia (preand postsynaptic inhibition)
corticosteroids; testosterone
80-90
High
3-5
pons; lateral; occipital; pontogeniculoccipital
RAS inhibition; decr
Cycles of penile erection occurs in which stage of sleep
REM
Four types
Stage 1:
-(high or Low) amplitude___ waves
Stage 2:
Bursts of___ spindles (alphalike);aka____ spindle ; ____microV
Stage 3 :
(high or Low) amplitude____ waves with (high or Low) frequency ;Presence of burst of rapid waves-__ complexes
Stage 4 :
-Maximum slowing with Large___ waves
Low, theta
fast; Sleep; 50
High; delta;low;K
delta
Distribution of sleep stages
- 4 to 6 REM/night
- REM sleep is___% of total sleep time in premature infant and ____% in full term baby
- Children sleep more than adult; more stage__(___sleep)
80; 50
4;deep
There is more stage 3 and 4 sleep and more REM towards morning
T/F
F
Less
THEORIES OF SLEEP
Passive:
-(old or new?) theory of sleep
-the ARAS becomes inactive due to____
Active:
- (old or new?) theory of sleep
- proposes that_____
Old
being fatigued from its neurons firing for hours of wakefulness
New
there are centers in the brain that cause sleep by inhibiting other areas
serotonin secreting raphe fibers (inhibit or excite?) the RAS
Inhibit
melatonin secreted by pineal gland during darkness (inhibit or excite?) RAS
Inhibits
NEURAL MECHANISM OF SLEEP
first major theory of sleep physiology is the ____ theory
Bremer’s theory
NEURAL MECHANISM OF SLEEP
(1) Bremer’s theory
- proposed a____ theory of sleep
- that sleep occurs because of a______
this theory was replaced by the ___ theory of sleep
reduction of sensory input to the forebrain
RAS
cut the brainstem between the superior and inferior colliculus and this produced a state of_____
almost continuous slow wave sleep
ONTOGENIC HYPOTHESIS OF REM SLEEP
-says that the activity occurring during neonatal REM sleep (or active sleep) seems to be important for the developing organism.
T/F
T
Deprivation of active sleep early in life was shown to result in behavioral problems ,permanent sleep disruption and increased brain mass.
T/F
F
Decreased brain mass
NEURAL MECHANISM OF SLEEP
- basal _____
- reticular formation
- raphe mucleus in___
- locus coreolus in___
- ____hypothalamus
- _____area of Hypothalamus
forebrain
midbrain
pons
lateral
preoptic
Mechanism of sleep
- Awake state/arousal = ___eased RAS activity
- Sleep= (presence or absence?) of arousing stimuli to RAS→Thallamus and cortex
- Stimulation of ___ area of hypothalamus and basal forebrain(___ergic neurons) =Sleep
incr
Absence
preoptic; cholin
Removal of all sensory stimuli to brain= sleep
T/F
F
hallucination not sleep
Lesion in preoptic region and forebrain =>(temporary or permanent ?) sleeplessness.
Preoptic region Contain neurons, which discharge ___ in both slow wave and REM sleep.
-Preoptic region have abundant inhibitory efferents projection to RAS=>Inhibition of RAS=>Sleep
Permanent
maximally
Brainstem
two clusters of nerves
1. ____
2.____
Both clusters are parts of reticular formation
T/F
Central core of brain stem
Pons
T
Both clusters are parts of reticular formation and they control sleep by:
- opposing the ____ activity of RAS
- Both are involved in the mechanism of arousal, light and deep sleep
- Central core neurons tonically release____ that inhibits RAS leading to loss of wakefulness → slowwave sleep
- Central core neurons: also facilitate the sleep center of the pons→____ sleep
tonic
serotonin
paradoxical
Genesis of slow wave sleep/NREM
By Stimulation of three subcortical regions
(1) ______ sleep zone
(2) _____ synchronizing zone of RAS
(3) ____ sleep zone
diecephalic
medullary
basal forebrain
Genesis of slow wave sleep/NREM
By Stimulation of three subcortical regions
(1) diecephalic sleep zone
- post hypothalamus ,intralaminar nuclei and anterior thalamic nuclei
- Stimulus frequency must be about _/s
- Faster stimuli produces ____
(2) medullary synchronizing zone of RAS
- close to ______nucleus
- Stimulation Produces synchrony and sleep at ___ frequency ,and arousal at____ frequency
(3) basal forebrain sleep zone
- ____area +___area
- stimulation → produces synchrony and sleep which is_______ of the frequency
8; arousal
tractus solitarius; low; higher
preoptic; diagonal band of Broca
independent of the level
increase in age=_____ in sleep time
decrease
SLEEP - WAKE DISORDERS
Narcolepsy:_____
(2) Insomnia disorder:______
(3) hypersomnolence disorder:_____
(4) substance/medication induced sleep disorder : sleep disorder caused by ____
excessive uncontrollable daytime sleepiness
Persistent problems falling and staying asleep.
Excessive sleepiness or drowsiness.
Drugs
Breathing related sleep disorders :_____ is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. It causes you to ______while you sleep.
Obstructive sleep apnea; repeatedly stop and start breathing
circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: involve either difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the sleep cycle or waking up too early and being unable to fall back to sleep
T/F
T
NREM sleep arousal disorders: refer to the repeated episodes of_____
incomplete awakening from sleep that include behaviors such as sleepwalking and sleep terrors
Nightmare disorder: also known as____ disorder, is a sleep disorder characterized by_____. The nightmares, which often portray the individual in a situation that jeopardizes their life or personal safety, usually occur during the____ stages of sleep
dream anxiety
frequent nightmares; REM
REM sleep behavior disorder: is a sleep disorder in which you_____ movements during____ sleep — sometimes called_____ behavior.
physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg
REM
dream-enacting
Restless leg syndrome: A condition characterised by a______, typically in the (morning or evenings?)
Restless legs syndrome typically occurs while sitting or lying down. It generally worsens with age and can disrupt sleep.
nearly irresistible urge to move the legs
Evenings
Snoring is a sleep-related disorder
T/F
T
Depending on the frequency and type
sleep hypo ventilation : describes breathing that is____ or ____ during sleep
too slow or shallow
Bruxism: is considered a sleep-related movement disorder. People who_____ (brux) during sleep are more likely to have other sleep disorders, such as snoring and pauses in breathing (sleep apnea)
clench or grind their teeth
