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PHG 203 > CONTROL OF UPRIGHT POSTURE AND BALANCE > Flashcards

CONTROL OF UPRIGHT POSTURE AND BALANCE Flashcards

1
Q

skeleton can stand erect against gravity without the coordinated support of muscle activity
T/F

A

F

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2
Q

——-and——- of the skeleton are essential in maintaining posture and uprightness

A

Long bones

many jointed spine

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3
Q

Anti-gravity muscles are controlled by

——, and ——- mechanisms connected to neural networks of the——- and——-

A

Brain

reflex

brainstem

spinal cord

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4
Q

——and—— reflex are active in posture control

A

stretch

extensor

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5
Q

to maintain upright posture and balance, the body’s centre of gravity must be maintained ——-

A

over the body’s base

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6
Q

human beings are tall structures that balance on a relatively—— base, with center of gravity just above the——- which is quite——

A

small

pelvis

high

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7
Q

FOR STABILITY

  • centre of gravity must be kept within the——— that the—— provide
  • once the center of gravity has been moved beyond this point, the body would fall unless———
  • people can operate under conditions of unstable equilibrium because———
A

base of support; legs

one leg is shifted to broaden the base of support

complex interacting postural reflexes maintain their balance

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8
Q

Postural Reflexes

  • Afferent pathways
  • ____
  • _____
  • receptors involved in____
  • Efferent pathways
  • ____neurons to____ muscles
  • Integrating centers
  • neural network in—— and——-
  • centers in the brain that form an ———of the body’s——, it’s support conditions and its orientation with respect to vertical
A

eyes
vestibular apparatus
proprioception

alpha motor
skeletal

brainstem
spinal cord

internal representation
geometry

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9
Q

INTERNAL REPRESENTATION

  • 2 purposes
  • provides a———-and for ———
  • contributes to——- through the—— controls involved in maintaining upright posture
A

reference frame for the perception of the body’s proprioception; planning actions

stability; motor

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10
Q

CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX :

-important component in the—— mechanism of locomotion

A

stepping

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11
Q

afferent input is necessary for optimal postural adjustments and interfering with any one of them causes the individual to topple over
T/F

A

F

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12
Q

blind people maintain their balance quite well with only a slight loss of precision
T/F

A

T

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13
Q

people whose vestibular mechanisms have been destroyed have alotttt of disability in everyday life even if their visual and somatic receptors are functioning
T/F

A

F

-people whose vestibular mechanisms have been destroyed can (with rehabilitation), have very little disability in everyday life as long as their visual and somatic receptors are functioning

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14
Q

postural control mechanisms are

flexible or rigid
Ineffective or effective
highly adaptable or only adaptable to a little extent

A

Flexible
Effective

highly adaptable

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15
Q

WALKING
-requires the coordination of about 20 of muscles, each activated to a precise degree at a specific time

T/F

A

F

Over 100

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16
Q

Walking is brought about by linear movements and alternating in nature
T/F

A

F. Cyclical movements

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17
Q

Walking movements are brought about by networks of interneurones in the——- at the —-level
-the interneurones network coordinate the—- of the various neuron pools that controls the appropriate muscles of the arms, shoulders, trunk, hips , legs and feet

A

spinal cord

local

output

18
Q

INSTABILITY
In the absence of command inputs from descending fibers,the complex spinal cord can produce the rhythmic movements of limbs
T/F

A

T

19
Q

under normal conditions, neural activation of walking occurs in the——-,———,——-, and——-

A

cerebral cortex

cerebellum

brainstem

spinal cord

20
Q

MIDDLE AND HIGHER LEVELS OF MOTOR CONTROL HIERARCHY ARE NECESSARY FOR postural control

T/F

A

T

21
Q

———- are required for voluntary override commands(like breaking strides to jump a puddle)

A

MIDDLE AND HIGHER LEVELS OF MOTOR CONTROL

22
Q

MIDDLE AND HIGHER LEVELS OF MOTOR CONTROL are not necessary in adaptations to the environment (like walking across a stream or unevenly spaced stones
T/F

A

F

23
Q

damage to even small areas of the middle and higher motor controls can cause marked disturbances in gait
T/F

A

T

24
Q

sensorimotor areas are the ——— and ———- cortex

A

primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

25
Q

List the Postural and locomotion reflexes

(1) ——— reflex
(2) ———reflexes

A

Positive supportive reaction

Cord righting

26
Q

Postural and locomotion reflexes

Positive supportive reaction

  • pressure on the footpad of a——- animal causes——-
  • reflex is used to ———position
A

decerebrate

extension of the limb against the pressure

support animal in a rigid

27
Q

Cord righting reflexes

  • when a—— cat is laid on its side:
  • it willl make——— that indicates that it’s trying to ———position showing that complicated reflexes are associated with posture
A

spinal

incoordinate movements

raise itself to standing

28
Q

———-is the first postural reflex to develop and is present by——— of age.

A

Positive supportive reaction reflex

3 to 4 months

29
Q

Spinal animal

  • spinal cord is transected at the—— so that ——-still remains intact
  • spinal toad, cut the—— behind the——- or a——- to destroy the——
  • this results in symptoms of——
A

neck; most of the cord

head; tympanic membrane; single pith; brain

spinal shock

30
Q

When a specimen becomes spinal ,there is X loss of reflex activity for—— in cats,—— in humans

X is complete or partial??????

A

Complete

days

months

31
Q

During recovery from spinal shock in a newly spinal animal, when the reflexes return, they are no longer———- and ———normal patterns. Eg a light touch on the foot can cause———-
-excitability of motor neurons ultimately becomes—— than normal , causing particular groups of muscles to——- continuously

A

under the influence of the brainstem

Do not follow

activation of all flexor muscles of the body

more greater

contract

32
Q

Decerebrate animal

  • brain is transected above the——— and results in———(aka ——-)
  • in frogs, cut the—— behind the——
  • by doing this,—— inputs from cortex and—— to——— are removed
  • alpha and gamma antigravity motor neurons are subjected to intense——-
  • firing of gamma motor neurons activates the—— causing——- discharge of the group—- afferent fibers
A

pontine medullary reticular formation

Decerebrate rigidity; spasticity

head; eyes

inhibitory; cerebellum; reticular formation

excitation

gamma loop; increased ;1a

33
Q

DECORTICORTICATE/____ PREPARATION

  • due to removal of——-
  • ____is intact and can:
  • regulate body temp(intact____)
A

THALAMIC

Cerebral hemispheres

thalamus

hypothalamus

34
Q

In a DECORTICORTICATE animal, movement doesn’t occur

T/F

A

F

Occurs but poorly.

35
Q

In a DECORTICORTICATE animal movement is initiated by the—— pathways
*sensations are_____, especially—- and——

A

extrapyramidal

crudely appreciated; pain; temperature

36
Q

decorticate rigidity is a——- rigidity due to———- areas

A

moderate

loss of frontal inhibitor

37
Q

destruction of cortical association areas enhances—— emotions which are usually——by this areas.

A

primitive

suppressed

38
Q

exhibit sham rage is seen in DECORTICORTICATE specimens

T/F

A

T

39
Q

Which usually has a worse prognosis

Decerebrate or decorticate

A

Decerebrate

40
Q

decorticate causes flexion in____ and extension in _____

Decerebrate causes flexion in____ and extension in _____

A

Arms
Legs

Extension in all 4

PHG 203 (22 decks)

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