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PHG 203 > Learning, Memory, and behaviour > Flashcards

Learning, Memory, and behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Learning,

-Ability to____ behavior on the basis of____

A

alter

experience

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2
Q

Learning

-Is a change in___ that occurs as a result of____

A

behaviour

experience

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3
Q

Factors influencing learning

(1) Nature:
- ______
- ______endownment

(2) Nuture:
- ____,____,and_____factors
- culture ,technology,organization

A

hereditary

genetic

environment, human and physical

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4
Q

reward and punishment

Nature or nature?

A

Nuture

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5
Q

Non-associative learning

  • response to_____ type of stimulus
  • is when you’re______ a stimulus with a_____.
  • can be either_____ or _____
A

only one

not pairing; behavior

habituation or sensitization.

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6
Q

Habituation

-is when_____ exposure to a stimulus_____ an organism’s______ to the stimulus.

A

repeated
decreases

responsiveness

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7
Q

Opposite of habituation is ______?

A

Sensitization

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8
Q

Sensitization

  • It’s learning that occurs when stimulus is repeated, and each time your response to it____ as it goes on and on
  • _____of response
A

increases

amplification

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9
Q

Noise is a great example of
——-?

Habituation or sensitization

A

Habituation

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10
Q

______ is a panacea for habituation

A

Sensitization

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11
Q

Habituation doesn’t allow efficiency in learning

T/F

A

F

It allows

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12
Q

Associative learning
-response to_____ type of stimulus

-2types: _____ reflex and______ reflex

A

more than one

conditioning

acquired

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13
Q

Answer with either conditioned or acquired

acquired after birth

  • no previous experience
  • no need of learning and memory
  • elicited by condition stimulus
A

Condition
Acquired
Acquired
Condition

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14
Q

(A)Classical conditioning is a type of_____ learning that occurs when a_____ stimulus becomes paired with a stimulus that_____

A

associative

neutral

causes a behavior.

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15
Q

In classical conditioning

After a while, the neutral stimulus can produce the behavior all by itself.
T/F

A

T

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16
Q

Operant conditioning(aka____) is the process by which a behavior becomes associated with its____.

A

instrumental

consequences

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17
Q

The big difference between operant and classic conditioning is that there______ initially in operant.

A

isn’t an unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

Reinforcement
Positive:____ a pleasant stimulus to______ a behavior
Negative: _____ to____ a behavior

Punishment
Positive: _____stimulus to____ behavior
Negative: _______stimulus to____ behavior

A

adding; increase

removing a bad thing

increase

add bad ; decrease

remove good ; decrease

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19
Q

_______type of learning is when you learn something new about a new kind of stimulus

A

Associative

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20
Q

Behaviourism

Theory that psychology can be_____

A

objectively studied through observable actions

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21
Q

MEMORY

-Memory is the ____ of information for_____

A

storage

later recall .

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22
Q

Memory is The ability to recall past events, experience or information at only conscious levels
T/F

A

F

Both conscious and unconscious levels

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23
Q

Memory is the foundation for learning and behavior

T/F

A

T

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24
Q

Classification of Memory
-on the basis of expression

______ and ______

A

Declarative

Non-declarative

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25
Q

Declarative memory

  • ___plicit;____
  • includes___ and ___

Non-declarative memory

  • __plicit;____
  • includes____ and ____
A

ex; recognition; facts and events

im; procedural; habituation and sensitization

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26
Q

skills and habits
classical conditioning
priming

Declarative or Non-declarative

A

Non declarative

Non declarative

Non declarative

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27
Q

Classification of memory on basis of lifespan

(1) ______ memory
(2) _____ memory
(3) ______ memory

A

Sensory/working

Short term

Long term

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28
Q

STM can last______, max ____

LTM can last_____, max ——-

A

seconds, mins, hrs, or days

weeks, months, years, long lasting

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29
Q

Memory storage:

  • retrieving newly acquired memory is_____ while retrieving long term memory is____
  • inability to retrieve a newly acquired memory means it’s____ while inability to retrieve a long term memory just usually means it’s_____
A

rapid

slower

permanently lost

only transiently lost

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30
Q

Consolidation

  • persistence of environmental sensory signal via repetition of the stimulus or recreation of the stimulus internally by rehearsals(a mental play back)
  • note that if the person is distracted, the preceding storage is____ and the register is filled with____ information
A

erased

new

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31
Q

Differentiate between STM and LTM under the following

Time of storage
Capacity of storage
Retrieval time
Mechanism of storage

A

Immediately; Later..must first be consolidated

Limited; very large

Rapid; slower

Reverberatory circuit theory; Plasticity of brain

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32
Q

Retrieval time for LTM is slower except for ____ memories

A

Well engrained

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33
Q

For declarative memory:
Hippocampus-____and____cortex-____ cortex (all_-ways transmission)

For emotional memory
Cerebral cortex -___(_ways)-____ and ____input(__way)

For habits
Cortex-_____(_ways)-_____and____outputs

A

perirhinal and entorhinal

cerebral

2

amygdala;2

hypothalamus autonomic and hormonal ; 1

cerebellum; 2; brainstem and spinal motor

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34
Q

Scientific basis of memory

  • Neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge is known as _____
  • in a neuronal transmission:___NT is used,___element is inhibitory , increase in___and____ receptors
A

memory trace

glutamate

mg

NMDA and AMPA

35
Q

-low frequency stimulation of the brain tho produces a different Ca-cascade and less___receptor and___ response to glutamate

A

AMPA

less

36
Q

Types Of Brain Plasticity

  • neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to_____ and ____
  • 2types
  • TYPE 1:____ plasticity
  • TYPE2:____ plasticity:
A

change and adapt

structural

functional

37
Q

Structural plasticity:____ or ____ can change a brain’s_____

A

experience or memories

physical structure

38
Q

Functional plasticity: ______ move from_____ to ____

A

Brain functions

damaged area to undamaged area

39
Q

Location of memory in the brain

  • Association among multiple regions of the brain
  • Cortical
  • Subcortical
  • Limbic
  • Cerebellum-probable role in_____ memories eg. playing piano
  • Short-term-_____cortex
  • Long-term –_____cortex +____ system
A

procedural

cerebral

cerebral; limbic

40
Q

___lobes and____ area essential for the transfer new memories into long-term storage

A

Temporal; limbic

41
Q

____portion of the temporal lobe plays a vital role in STM[____of various related stimuli ]and for____

A

Medial

integration

consolidation

42
Q

Hippocampampus
*_______ storage of new long term memories

Temporary or permanent

A

temporary

43
Q

Hippocampampus

  • temporary storage of new long term memories before transfer them to other_____ sites for permanent storage
  • Acquisition of recent memory
A

cortical cortices

44
Q

Hippocampus is important in only long term memories

T/F

A

F

Both long and short

45
Q

Hippocampus

declarative or non declarative memories

A

Declarative

46
Q

Corpus callosum and_____ commissure

-involved in replication of memory in______

A

anterior

corresponding non-dominant cerebral hemisphere

47
Q

BIOLOGIC BASES OF LEARNING AND MEMORY

Habituation
-_____ in Ca2+ in sensory ending that mediates response to the stimuli due to Ca_____ in presynaptic nerve terminal

Sensitization
-due to _____ of ______ in sensory nerve ending.=resultant _____ in intracellular Ca NT by exocytosis

Postetetanic facilitation
-______ of Ca2+

Long term potentiation(LTP) :
-facilitation of the effectiveness of _______to Ca2+ accumulation in _____synaptic neurons in mammalian brain

Classical conditioning :

  • cAMP =gating of ___ channels
  • prolong opening of____ channels by ___
A

decrease

inactivation

prolongation; action potential; increase

accumulation

synaptic transmission secondary ; post

K; Ca; CS

48
Q

Longterm memory :

-leads to activation of ___ that produce ____ in synaptic contacts

A

Genes

increase

49
Q

Mechanism of shortterm memory

-working memory is processed by____

A

prefrontal cortex

50
Q

encoding of short term memory involves the hippocampus

T/F

A

T

51
Q

lesion on hippocampus can affect acquisition of new memories by either______ or______

A

modifying the activity of the pre existing synapses

altering the amount of NT released

52
Q

Reverbratory circuit Theory

-____ of electrical impulses initated in the brain unless it is___

A

Recycling

blocked

53
Q

Recycling of memory in the reverbratory circuit theory Can be blocked by____, _____ shock, _____ or _____

A

new information

electro-convulsive

coma or deep anesthesia

54
Q

Post tetanic potentiation is a way of encoding short term memory

T/F

A

T

55
Q

Memory engram

  • ____of synaptic transmission and memory
  • involves Stimulation of____ neuron and____ neuron
A

facilitation

facilitator; sensory

56
Q

In memory engraming

There is Release of____ from facilitator terminal on sensory terminal

  • Formation of______ complex
  • Activation of______ integral membrane protein
  • Formation of____second messenger in sensory terminal
  • Phosphorylation of___ in the terminal membrane leading to the ___ of ____channel
  • Continuous action potential; Continuous____ influx in sensory terminal
  • ____NT release
A

serotonin

serotonin-receptor

adenylcyclase

cyclic AMP; K; Blockage of K

Ca

Large

57
Q

Post tetanic potentiation

  • ___stimulation of __synaptic terminals for a period of time
  • the synapses become__ responsive to subsequent stimulation than normal for a period of_____ or ____
A

rapid; pre

more

seconds or even minutes

58
Q

ENCODING NON DECLARATIVE MEMORY

  • Evidence from mammalia studies/ Striatum
  • lesion of basal ganglia
  • Cerebellum ( nuclei ):_____ reflex which maintains ____ fixation while the head is moving
A

vestibulo ocular

visual

59
Q

ENCODING DECLARATIVE MEMORY

  • Different parts of the cerebral cortex
  • Rehersal of answer to a question by students in a___ scan shows stimulation of various parts of the brain[both sides of the brain]
A

PET

60
Q

working memory do not involve the ____ but involve ___ cortex

Ise you are confused

A

hippocampus

prefrontal

61
Q

DAMAGES

  • Bilateral destruction of ____ or Azheimer disease→defects in____ memory
  • Humans with such destruction have intact _____ memory and_____ memory.; Their nondeclarative memory process are generally ___
A

ventral hippocampus

recent

working; remote

intact

62
Q

Alzheimer’s patients are capable of _____ and retain ____memories,but they cannot form ______ memories

A

new learning

old prelesion

new longterm

63
Q

AMYGDALA

-Amygdala in association with hippocampus add_____ to _____

A

emotional colors to memories .

64
Q

Amygdaloid lesions makes animals more or less fearful??

A

Less

65
Q

Events associated with emotions are remembered better than events without emotional change

T/F

A

T

66
Q

Bilateral amygdaloid lesion =loss of_____ memory

A

emotional

67
Q

Presumably,the storage of emotional memory involves very___ changes in relevant synaptic junctions

A

long

68
Q

Long Term memory

-stored in various parts of_____

A

neocortex

69
Q

Destruction of cortex in dominant and non nondominant hemishere → may differentially affect verbal and verbal learning

T/F

A

T

70
Q

Anatomical changes in the brain due to long term memories:
synaptic interconnectivity, increase in the ___ of ___ processes, and____ of brain

A

no/size of dendritic

weight

71
Q

Biochemical changes of brain due to long term memories

-Synthesis of proteins and molecules synaptic neurrotransmitter concentration _____(increase or decrease?)

A

Increase

72
Q

Postetanic potentiation

  • Production of enhanced ___synaptic potentials in response to a train of tetanizing stimuli in ___synaptic neuron.
  • The tetanizing stimulation causes Ca2 + to____ in __synaptic neuron
  • This enhancement last up to ——after the stimuli
A

post

pre

accumulate;pre

60 seconds

73
Q

Longterm potentiation:

  • Enhancement of the ____synaptic potential response to ___synaptic stimulation after a period of____ stimulation of the ____synaptic neuron.
  • Resembles posttetanic potentiation but _____ and can last for ____
  • Unlike posttetanic neuron,it is___ by an increase in intracellular Ca2+
  • It appears that Ca2+ acts via _______ to bring about long term enhancement of ___ receptors
A

post

pre

rapidly repeated; pre

more prolonged and can last for days

initiated

Ca2+/ camodulin kinase II

AMPA

74
Q

MEMORY DISORDERS

Anterograde Amnesia

  • Inability to make ____ward progress in term of memory/failure to_____ ___ memory
  • STM is _____ while LTM is _____
  • Associated with lesion of____ portions of____ lobe
A

forward; acquire new

markedly reduced; unaffected

medial; temporal

75
Q

In anterograde amnesia you can form new long term memory

T/F

A

F

76
Q

In anterograde amnesia you can
store memory in long term storage

T/F

A

F

77
Q

In anterograde amnesia you Can recall information learnt before the problem

T/F

A

T

78
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

  • Inability to ______events
  • Caused by trauma like_____ that disrupts electrical transmission, or_____ therapy
A

recall recent past

concussion stroke

electroshock

79
Q

In retrograde amnesia, Content of short term memory is intact

T/F

A

F

It’s erased

80
Q

retrograde amnesia Interfers with recently acquired information in the LTM
T/F

A

T

81
Q

In Bilateral damage/removal to hippocampus, there is loss of ability to establish only long term memory
T/F

A

F

Both long and short

82
Q

In Bilateral damage/removal to hippocampus there is Difficulty to learn new memory that is based on verbal communication

T/F

A

T

83
Q

Difficulty to learn new memory that is based on verbal communication = inability to retain information for more than a few seconds or one to two minute.

T/F

A

T

PHG 203 (22 decks)

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