Learning, Memory, and behaviour Flashcards
Learning,
-Ability to____ behavior on the basis of____
alter
experience
Learning
-Is a change in___ that occurs as a result of____
behaviour
experience
Factors influencing learning
(1) Nature:
- ______
- ______endownment
(2) Nuture:
- ____,____,and_____factors
- culture ,technology,organization
hereditary
genetic
environment, human and physical
reward and punishment
Nature or nature?
Nuture
Non-associative learning
- response to_____ type of stimulus
- is when you’re______ a stimulus with a_____.
- can be either_____ or _____
only one
not pairing; behavior
habituation or sensitization.
Habituation
-is when_____ exposure to a stimulus_____ an organism’s______ to the stimulus.
repeated
decreases
responsiveness
Opposite of habituation is ______?
Sensitization
Sensitization
- It’s learning that occurs when stimulus is repeated, and each time your response to it____ as it goes on and on
- _____of response
increases
amplification
Noise is a great example of
——-?
Habituation or sensitization
Habituation
______ is a panacea for habituation
Sensitization
Habituation doesn’t allow efficiency in learning
T/F
F
It allows
Associative learning
-response to_____ type of stimulus
-2types: _____ reflex and______ reflex
more than one
conditioning
acquired
Answer with either conditioned or acquired
acquired after birth
- no previous experience
- no need of learning and memory
- elicited by condition stimulus
Condition
Acquired
Acquired
Condition
(A)Classical conditioning is a type of_____ learning that occurs when a_____ stimulus becomes paired with a stimulus that_____
associative
neutral
causes a behavior.
In classical conditioning
After a while, the neutral stimulus can produce the behavior all by itself.
T/F
T
Operant conditioning(aka____) is the process by which a behavior becomes associated with its____.
instrumental
consequences
The big difference between operant and classic conditioning is that there______ initially in operant.
isn’t an unconditioned stimulus
Reinforcement
Positive:____ a pleasant stimulus to______ a behavior
Negative: _____ to____ a behavior
Punishment
Positive: _____stimulus to____ behavior
Negative: _______stimulus to____ behavior
adding; increase
removing a bad thing
increase
add bad ; decrease
remove good ; decrease
_______type of learning is when you learn something new about a new kind of stimulus
Associative
Behaviourism
Theory that psychology can be_____
objectively studied through observable actions
MEMORY
-Memory is the ____ of information for_____
storage
later recall .
Memory is The ability to recall past events, experience or information at only conscious levels
T/F
F
Both conscious and unconscious levels
Memory is the foundation for learning and behavior
T/F
T
Classification of Memory
-on the basis of expression
______ and ______
Declarative
Non-declarative
Declarative memory
- ___plicit;____
- includes___ and ___
Non-declarative memory
- __plicit;____
- includes____ and ____
ex; recognition; facts and events
im; procedural; habituation and sensitization
skills and habits
classical conditioning
priming
Declarative or Non-declarative
Non declarative
Non declarative
Non declarative
Classification of memory on basis of lifespan
(1) ______ memory
(2) _____ memory
(3) ______ memory
Sensory/working
Short term
Long term
STM can last______, max ____
LTM can last_____, max ——-
seconds, mins, hrs, or days
weeks, months, years, long lasting
Memory storage:
- retrieving newly acquired memory is_____ while retrieving long term memory is____
- inability to retrieve a newly acquired memory means it’s____ while inability to retrieve a long term memory just usually means it’s_____
rapid
slower
permanently lost
only transiently lost
Consolidation
- persistence of environmental sensory signal via repetition of the stimulus or recreation of the stimulus internally by rehearsals(a mental play back)
- note that if the person is distracted, the preceding storage is____ and the register is filled with____ information
erased
new
Differentiate between STM and LTM under the following
Time of storage
Capacity of storage
Retrieval time
Mechanism of storage
Immediately; Later..must first be consolidated
Limited; very large
Rapid; slower
Reverberatory circuit theory; Plasticity of brain
Retrieval time for LTM is slower except for ____ memories
Well engrained
For declarative memory:
Hippocampus-____and____cortex-____ cortex (all_-ways transmission)
For emotional memory
Cerebral cortex -___(_ways)-____ and ____input(__way)
For habits
Cortex-_____(_ways)-_____and____outputs
perirhinal and entorhinal
cerebral
2
amygdala;2
hypothalamus autonomic and hormonal ; 1
cerebellum; 2; brainstem and spinal motor
Scientific basis of memory
- Neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge is known as _____
- in a neuronal transmission:___NT is used,___element is inhibitory , increase in___and____ receptors
memory trace
glutamate
mg
NMDA and AMPA
-low frequency stimulation of the brain tho produces a different Ca-cascade and less___receptor and___ response to glutamate
AMPA
less
Types Of Brain Plasticity
- neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to_____ and ____
- 2types
- TYPE 1:____ plasticity
- TYPE2:____ plasticity:
change and adapt
structural
functional
Structural plasticity:____ or ____ can change a brain’s_____
experience or memories
physical structure
Functional plasticity: ______ move from_____ to ____
Brain functions
damaged area to undamaged area
Location of memory in the brain
- Association among multiple regions of the brain
- Cortical
- Subcortical
- Limbic
- Cerebellum-probable role in_____ memories eg. playing piano
- Short-term-_____cortex
- Long-term –_____cortex +____ system
procedural
cerebral
cerebral; limbic
___lobes and____ area essential for the transfer new memories into long-term storage
Temporal; limbic
____portion of the temporal lobe plays a vital role in STM[____of various related stimuli ]and for____
Medial
integration
consolidation
Hippocampampus
*_______ storage of new long term memories
Temporary or permanent
temporary
Hippocampampus
- temporary storage of new long term memories before transfer them to other_____ sites for permanent storage
- Acquisition of recent memory
cortical cortices
Hippocampus is important in only long term memories
T/F
F
Both long and short
Hippocampus
declarative or non declarative memories
Declarative
Corpus callosum and_____ commissure
-involved in replication of memory in______
anterior
corresponding non-dominant cerebral hemisphere
BIOLOGIC BASES OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
Habituation
-_____ in Ca2+ in sensory ending that mediates response to the stimuli due to Ca_____ in presynaptic nerve terminal
Sensitization
-due to _____ of ______ in sensory nerve ending.=resultant _____ in intracellular Ca NT by exocytosis
Postetetanic facilitation
-______ of Ca2+
Long term potentiation(LTP) :
-facilitation of the effectiveness of _______to Ca2+ accumulation in _____synaptic neurons in mammalian brain
Classical conditioning :
- cAMP =gating of ___ channels
- prolong opening of____ channels by ___
decrease
inactivation
prolongation; action potential; increase
accumulation
synaptic transmission secondary ; post
K; Ca; CS
Longterm memory :
-leads to activation of ___ that produce ____ in synaptic contacts
Genes
increase
Mechanism of shortterm memory
-working memory is processed by____
prefrontal cortex
encoding of short term memory involves the hippocampus
T/F
T
lesion on hippocampus can affect acquisition of new memories by either______ or______
modifying the activity of the pre existing synapses
altering the amount of NT released
Reverbratory circuit Theory
-____ of electrical impulses initated in the brain unless it is___
Recycling
blocked
Recycling of memory in the reverbratory circuit theory Can be blocked by____, _____ shock, _____ or _____
new information
electro-convulsive
coma or deep anesthesia
Post tetanic potentiation is a way of encoding short term memory
T/F
T
Memory engram
- ____of synaptic transmission and memory
- involves Stimulation of____ neuron and____ neuron
facilitation
facilitator; sensory
In memory engraming
There is Release of____ from facilitator terminal on sensory terminal
- Formation of______ complex
- Activation of______ integral membrane protein
- Formation of____second messenger in sensory terminal
- Phosphorylation of___ in the terminal membrane leading to the ___ of ____channel
- Continuous action potential; Continuous____ influx in sensory terminal
- ____NT release
serotonin
serotonin-receptor
adenylcyclase
cyclic AMP; K; Blockage of K
Ca
Large
Post tetanic potentiation
- ___stimulation of __synaptic terminals for a period of time
- the synapses become__ responsive to subsequent stimulation than normal for a period of_____ or ____
rapid; pre
more
seconds or even minutes
ENCODING NON DECLARATIVE MEMORY
- Evidence from mammalia studies/ Striatum
- lesion of basal ganglia
- Cerebellum ( nuclei ):_____ reflex which maintains ____ fixation while the head is moving
vestibulo ocular
visual
ENCODING DECLARATIVE MEMORY
- Different parts of the cerebral cortex
- Rehersal of answer to a question by students in a___ scan shows stimulation of various parts of the brain[both sides of the brain]
PET
working memory do not involve the ____ but involve ___ cortex
Ise you are confused
hippocampus
prefrontal
DAMAGES
- Bilateral destruction of ____ or Azheimer disease→defects in____ memory
- Humans with such destruction have intact _____ memory and_____ memory.; Their nondeclarative memory process are generally ___
ventral hippocampus
recent
working; remote
intact
Alzheimer’s patients are capable of _____ and retain ____memories,but they cannot form ______ memories
new learning
old prelesion
new longterm
AMYGDALA
-Amygdala in association with hippocampus add_____ to _____
emotional colors to memories .
Amygdaloid lesions makes animals more or less fearful??
Less
Events associated with emotions are remembered better than events without emotional change
T/F
T
Bilateral amygdaloid lesion =loss of_____ memory
emotional
Presumably,the storage of emotional memory involves very___ changes in relevant synaptic junctions
long
Long Term memory
-stored in various parts of_____
neocortex
Destruction of cortex in dominant and non nondominant hemishere → may differentially affect verbal and verbal learning
T/F
T
Anatomical changes in the brain due to long term memories:
synaptic interconnectivity, increase in the ___ of ___ processes, and____ of brain
no/size of dendritic
weight
Biochemical changes of brain due to long term memories
-Synthesis of proteins and molecules synaptic neurrotransmitter concentration _____(increase or decrease?)
Increase
Postetanic potentiation
- Production of enhanced ___synaptic potentials in response to a train of tetanizing stimuli in ___synaptic neuron.
- The tetanizing stimulation causes Ca2 + to____ in __synaptic neuron
- This enhancement last up to ——after the stimuli
post
pre
accumulate;pre
60 seconds
Longterm potentiation:
- Enhancement of the ____synaptic potential response to ___synaptic stimulation after a period of____ stimulation of the ____synaptic neuron.
- Resembles posttetanic potentiation but _____ and can last for ____
- Unlike posttetanic neuron,it is___ by an increase in intracellular Ca2+
- It appears that Ca2+ acts via _______ to bring about long term enhancement of ___ receptors
post
pre
rapidly repeated; pre
more prolonged and can last for days
initiated
Ca2+/ camodulin kinase II
AMPA
MEMORY DISORDERS
Anterograde Amnesia
- Inability to make ____ward progress in term of memory/failure to_____ ___ memory
- STM is _____ while LTM is _____
- Associated with lesion of____ portions of____ lobe
forward; acquire new
markedly reduced; unaffected
medial; temporal
In anterograde amnesia you can form new long term memory
T/F
F
In anterograde amnesia you can
store memory in long term storage
T/F
F
In anterograde amnesia you Can recall information learnt before the problem
T/F
T
Retrograde Amnesia
- Inability to ______events
- Caused by trauma like_____ that disrupts electrical transmission, or_____ therapy
recall recent past
concussion stroke
electroshock
In retrograde amnesia, Content of short term memory is intact
T/F
F
It’s erased
retrograde amnesia Interfers with recently acquired information in the LTM
T/F
T
In Bilateral damage/removal to hippocampus, there is loss of ability to establish only long term memory
T/F
F
Both long and short
In Bilateral damage/removal to hippocampus there is Difficulty to learn new memory that is based on verbal communication
T/F
T
Difficulty to learn new memory that is based on verbal communication = inability to retain information for more than a few seconds or one to two minute.
T/F
T
