EAR AND HEARING Flashcards
Sound is Produced by—— in Matter
Vibrations
Anything which causes matter to vibrate will produce sound . T/F
T
——-vibrate and push on the air flowing through the——, causing the air to——-
Vocal cords
larynx
vibrate
Sound can travel through a vacuum.
T/F
F
Air, liquid, solid. Which does sound move the fastest, faster, and fast in
Fastest- solid
Faster-liquid
Fast- air
Velocity of sounds in solids is —-?
5000m/s
Velocity of sound in air is???
344m/s
Velocity of sound in water???
1500m/s
Frequency of sound is???
the number of waves that pass a given point in one second
Unit of frequency is ??
Hertz
short wavelength=____ frequency =____ pitched tones
High
High
long wavelength=___ frequency =____ pitched tones
Low
Low
human frequency range is from -Hz to— Hz
20
20,000
Amplitude Of a sound wave is the——-
intensity of energy in a given wave of sound
Amplitude is signified by___ of—— wave
height
sine
loudness is a_____
subjective interpretation of the intensity of a sound
A decibel is a ———used to measure the____
logarithmic scale
intensity of sound waves
Sounds louder than —-dB will be painful and will damage the ear
120
Threshold of hearing =—— hertz =— dB
4000
0
Soft whisper =—- dB Conversation =—- dB Busy traffic =— dB Rock band =—- dB pain threshold =— dB
20
60
70
120
130
The—— divides the external ear from the middle ear.
tympanic membrane
The tympanic membrane is also known as ——-
Eardrum
——and—— funnel the waves inward to the eardrum . The waves cause the eardrum to ——
The auricle
The ear canal
vibrate
Bones of the Middle Ear include and they——- the Sound Waves
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Amplify
Malleus aka —-
Incus aka ——
Stapes aka ——
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
eardrum attaches to the——which attaches to the—-, which in turn attaches to the——
malleus
incus
stapes
The stapes is attached to the—— window of the——
oval
cochlea
Because of the way the bones are attached together, the vibrations in the——- is ——-than those in the eardrum
Oval window
20X larger
if the sound is too loud, ——contract and dampen the vibrations
small muscles attached to the ear bones
——Converts Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials in the Auditory Nerve
The Cochlea
Vibration of the oval window causes—— (—&—-) to vibrate
cochlear fluid
perilymph
endolymph
The cochlear fluid vibrations in turn cause the ——to vibrate, producing——- waves
basilar membrane
traveling
The basilar membrane vibrations cause—— to—- leading to —— and If they are large enough, they will stimulate——- to produce——
hair cells
bend
generator potential
fibers of the auditory nerve
action potentials
Different pitches are detected in the same part of the cochlea.T/F
F
- High pitches produce traveling waves at the—— of the cochlea
- low pitches produce traveling waves at the——
base
apex
Scala vestibuli is Located superiorly to the___. And , it is continuous with the____.
cochlear duct
vestibule
Scala tympani is Located—— to the cochlear duct. It terminates at the——-
inferiorly
round window.
Posterior to the tunnel of corti are —— cells
Inner hair cells
Anterior to the tunnel of corti are —- hair cells
Outer
The hair cells, tunnel of corti, numerous cells, etc , all rest on the ———-
Basilar membrane
The Auditory Nerve Delivers the Action Potential Signals to the—-After first synapsing in the——-
Temporal Cortex
Auditory reflexes are controlled by the——
inferior colliculus
Sounds of special meaning are sent to the temporal cortex.
T/F
F
air -external auditory canal——- –>——- –>——— –>—— –> ——— to ——- that form generator potential and stimulate the cochlear nerve
tympanic membrane
ossicles
oval window of cochlea
vibration of cochlear fluid
basilar membrane of cochlea
Hair cells
Cochlear nerve is which Cranial nerve?
CN8
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Which fluid do the following contain
Vestibular duct-contains ——
Cochlear duct-contains ——
Tympanic duct contains —-
perilymph
endolymph
perilymph
Endolymph is rich in —-ion
Perilymph is rich in —— ion
K
Na
——-bony projection from mediolous
Spiral limbus
Rods of corti are boundaries of——- and connects—— to——-
tunnel of corti
basilar membrane
reticular lamina
Which hair cell’s job is majorly with sound transmission and which is for modulating sounds
Inner hair cell: major role with sound than outer hair cells
Outer: modulation
Stereocilia: found on—— hair cells
inner
Biggest stereocilia is called —-
Kineocilia
From cochlear nerve to —-that is divided into 2:—— and—- located in the——-
cochlear nuclei
ventral dorsal
medulla
dorsal cochlear nuclei has 2 major cells:—- and—— cells that send their axons(——-) that—- and synapse mostly but not all at the——-
principal Stellate
dorsal acoustic striae
deccussate
nucleus of lateral lemniscus
ventral posterior cochlear nuclei has a major cell called——— that sends axons(———-)that—- and—- synapse at the ——-while most—-
octopus cell
intermediate acoustic striae
decussate
few
nucleus of lateral lemniscus
don’t do
the anteroventral cochlear nuclei has major cells like the—— and—-(spherical or globular) cells that send—- axons to ——and—- axons(——) to the——
stellate bushy
some
ipsilateral superior olivary nucleus
most
VAS or trapezoid body
contralateral superior olivary nucleus
axons from——- + axons of——— +axons from—— + axons from——— = tract of——
contralateral superior olivary nucleus
ventral posterior cochlear nuclei
dorsal cochlear nuclei
nucleus of lateral lemniscus
lateral lemniscus
Which 2 nucleuses communicate with their twin
Nucleus of lateral lemniscus
Nucleus of inferior colliculus
lateral lemniscus tract all go to synapse in the———that controls auditory reflex by sending——- and also sends ascending fibers to the——
inferior colliculus
descending tectospinal tract
medial geniculus of the thalamus
from the medial geniculus, to the——/——-/—-
primary auditory cortex
superior temporal gyrus
transverse gyrus of haesew
superior olivary nucleus plays the —role of——- sounds and—- of sound using its two components. The — olivary nucleus that tracks the ——of the sound waves and the—— one that check the—- of the sound stimulus
.
dampening loud
localization
Medial relative timing
lateral relative intensity
What is the first point where sound from both ears come together
superior olivary nucleus
conduction deafness is a—- in sound vibrations to—— that can be caused by—- auditory canal (by —- or —-),—— tympanic membrane (eardrum), otitis media(——-), or otosclerosis———
disruption
basilar membrane
blocked wax, fluid
perforated
middle ear infection/inflammation
hardening of the earbone joints
sensorineural deafness is disruption anywhere in pathway from—— to the——-caused by :
- loss of——(explosion, chronic loud noise)
- damage to——— nerve
- damage to nuclei tracts to the cortex
hair cells
auditory cortex
hair cells
vestibulocochlear nerve
tinnitus is a——- of ——-Due to :
- sudden blow to the——
- gradual deterioration of——-
chronic perception
clicking or ringing
tympanic membrane
afferents in cochlear nerve
Menierre’s Syndrome affects both—— and—— which may be due to too much——- beneath basilar membrane
-symptoms can be treated somewhat with—- or——-
hearing balance
endolymph
drugs
endolymph may be drained periodically
loss of hearing is progressive in
Menierre’s Syndrome.
T/F
T
Central deafness is caused by damage to auditory pathways or centers in the central nervous system or sometimes caused by strokes..
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