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Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Visual acuity

A

The ability of the visual system to clearly discriminate shapes and details in the environment

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2
Q

Strabismus

A

A condition in which the eyes do not align when looking at an object

May impact accurately reaching for objects and reading.

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3
Q

Saccades

A

Rapid, precise movements of the eyes between targets that functionally allows visual searching to occur.

An impairment is indicated by nystagmus or difficulty with isolating eye and head movements

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4
Q

Symptoms of convergence impairment

A

Blurred vision
Diplopia
Tired eyes when doing near-work activities

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5
Q

Visual accommodation

A

A mechanism of the eye that allows clarity of vision when a visual stimulus moves close to or away from the eyes.

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6
Q

Diplopia

A

Visual impairment secondary to a neurological event and may cause loss of depth perception and increase risk of falls

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7
Q

Examples of visual field deficits

A

Central scotoma
Homonymous hemianopsia
Quadrantanopia

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8
Q

How is visual acuity measured?

A

Measured by determining the refractive index of the eye, typically using the Snellen Chart

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9
Q

Field cuts

A
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10
Q

Age related macular degeneration

A

Primarily affects the central vision with the peripheral vision being preserved

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11
Q

Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases caused by increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve.
The effect on vision of glaucoma is loss of the peripheral visual field.
In early stages there are treatments that can prevent further vision loss.

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12
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the eye that affect the blood supply to the retina.
The result is loss of parts of the visual field seen as black areas at random points.

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13
Q

Cataracts

A

A clouding of the lens of the eye that results in blurred vision

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14
Q

Trochlear nerve palsy

A

Superomedial deviation

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15
Q

Abducens nerve palsy

A

Medial deviation

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16
Q

Oculomotor nerve palsy

A

Ptosis and deviation

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17
Q

List nerves of the lumbar plexus

A

Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
Ilioinguinal (L1)
Genitofemoral (L1, L2)
Lateral femoral cutaneous (L2, L3)
Femoral (L2-L4)
Obturator (L2-L4)
Lumbosacral trunk (L4,L5)

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18
Q

Nerves of the sacral plexus

A

Superior gluteal n.
Inferior gluteal n.
Posterior femoral cutaneous n.
Pundendal n.
Sciatic n.

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19
Q

Varus and valgus stress

A
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20
Q

Lisfranc injury

A

Fracture of dislocation of midfoot
Most common dislocation

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21
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far sighted

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22
Q

Presbyopia

A

Far sighted due to age

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23
Q

Myopia

A

Near sighted

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24
Q

Astigmatism

A

Problem with a curvature of the lens, several problems

25
Retinal detachment
Separation of the retina from the choroid layer Cobwebs, floating spots, flashes of light, shading Medical emergency
26
Strabismus
“Lazy eye” (ambloypia)
27
Conjunctivitis
“Pinkeye”, irritants, colds, allergy
28
Modified methods for peripheral field loss
Teach scanning techniques Increased lighting Increased contrast
29
Modified methods for central field loss
Increased lighting Eccentric viewing skills Increased contrast Magnifiers
30
Modified methods for decreased acuity
Increased lighting Increased contrast Magnification
31
Retinopathy of prematurity
Occurs with premature babies that were on high levels of oxygen
32
Nystagmus
Abnormal response and can interfere with reception Lack of nystagmus is abnormal
33
Cortical blindness
Blindness that occurs in the brain
34
Ptosis
Droopy eye
35
OD
Right eye
36
OS
Left eye
37
OU
Both eyes
38
Hemianopsia
If on the same side as the dominate hand, they may not be able to track or use adaption of the UE Miss parts of reading or omitting letters or small words
39
Visual perception
The total process of receiving and understanding visual stimuli
40
2 main components of visual perception
Visual reception - Extracting and organizing information from the environment - For example, straight vision says: blue shirt, man, brown hair > Visual reception tells you that he is a man (organizing), he is out of the ordinary Visual cognition - The ability to organize, structure and interpret visual stimuli - The ability to understand what is seen
41
Visual reception
Memories, knowledge, experience - give meaning to what you saw
42
Visual cognition
Take what you saw and use it physically, socially, cognitively, emotionally
43
Visual attention
Alertness Selective attention Shared attention Visual vigilance
44
Visual memory
Recognition Retrieval
45
Visual sequential memory
Can’t remember things in order
46
Visual spatial memory
The location of things in space
47
Visual discrimination
Ability to recognize, match, and categorize
48
Development of visual perceptual skills
Birth - Reflexive fixation and tracking - Nystagmus 8 Weeks - occulomotor control begins - Tracking develops- complete by age 5yrs * Cardinal planes of movement * Head movement indicates a lack or incomplete development Peak of occulomotor control is 18 yrs Vision is the primary way an infant collects information - Long before they can manipulate an object they can perceive it, recognize a pattern, have form constancy, and depth perception. To start, they learn to identify objects based on general appearance and later learn to see specific details - 18 month old: dog - 4 year old: granny’s dog, - 7 year old: that’s a poodle Visual cognitive skills are vital for developing print awareness - knowledge of letters and words and that they have meaning
49
Developmental ages to remember for vision
Visual Perception develops differently in different children: environment, opportunity, natural ability, and cognition Typically developed by 9-10 years - Figure ground-and form constancy: 6-7 yr - Spatial relationships:10yrs What can they draw? - Verticals: 2 - Horizontals: 3-4 (people get arms) - Laterality: 6-7 yrs * Understand or recognize reversals- should stop mixing up b and d * circles, the letter C - Directionality: 8-9 yrs
50
How do visual perceptual skills develop?
General to specific - Dog - Brown dog - Big brown dog - Big brown short haired dog, lab Whole to part - Doll - Doll’s dress Concrete to abstract - “There is a crack in everything, that is how the light gets in” Familiar to novel
51
Agnosis
The inability to name an object known to the individual through visual means but able to by feel - Right occipital lobe damage
52
Color agnosia
Inability to remember what color things should be (grass)
53
Color anomia
Inability to name a color
54
Metamorphopsia
Inability to distinguish the size or weight of an object, often distorting the size
55
Prosopagnosia
Inability to ID familiar faces - lesion to R posterior hemisphere
56
Astigmatism
Problem with a curvature of the lens, several problems Light rays focus on more than one point (unequal refraction of light in different meridians)
57
Nystagmus
Horizontal or vertical Congenital or acquired Meniere’s Disease, Head Injury, Tumor, Idiopathic, drugs - Post-rotary is normal May or may not blur vision Also the result of the Caloric Test Impact to OT - Medication review - Impact to balance or gait
58
Warren’s hierarchal model of visual processing
Registration of visual input –> pattern recognition –> visual memory –> visual cognition
59
2 main components of visual perception
Visual reception - Extracting and organizing information from the environment Visual cognition - The ability to organize, structure and interpret visual stimuli

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