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Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Visual acuity

A

The ability of the visual system to clearly discriminate shapes and details in the environment

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2
Q

Strabismus

A

A condition in which the eyes do not align when looking at an object

May impact accurately reaching for objects and reading.

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3
Q

Saccades

A

Rapid, precise movements of the eyes between targets that functionally allows visual searching to occur.

An impairment is indicated by nystagmus or difficulty with isolating eye and head movements

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4
Q

Symptoms of convergence impairment

A

Blurred vision
Diplopia
Tired eyes when doing near-work activities

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5
Q

Visual accommodation

A

A mechanism of the eye that allows clarity of vision when a visual stimulus moves close to or away from the eyes.

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6
Q

Diplopia

A

Visual impairment secondary to a neurological event and may cause loss of depth perception and increase risk of falls

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7
Q

Examples of visual field deficits

A

Central scotoma
Homonymous hemianopsia
Quadrantanopia

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8
Q

How is visual acuity measured?

A

Measured by determining the refractive index of the eye, typically using the Snellen Chart

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9
Q

Field cuts

A
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10
Q

Age related macular degeneration

A

Primarily affects the central vision with the peripheral vision being preserved

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11
Q

Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases caused by increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve.
The effect on vision of glaucoma is loss of the peripheral visual field.
In early stages there are treatments that can prevent further vision loss.

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12
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

It is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the eye that affect the blood supply to the retina.
The result is loss of parts of the visual field seen as black areas at random points.

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13
Q

Cataracts

A

A clouding of the lens of the eye that results in blurred vision

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14
Q

Trochlear nerve palsy

A

Superomedial deviation

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15
Q

Abducens nerve palsy

A

Medial deviation

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16
Q

Oculomotor nerve palsy

A

Ptosis and deviation

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17
Q

List nerves of the lumbar plexus

A

Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
Ilioinguinal (L1)
Genitofemoral (L1, L2)
Lateral femoral cutaneous (L2, L3)
Femoral (L2-L4)
Obturator (L2-L4)
Lumbosacral trunk (L4,L5)

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18
Q

Nerves of the sacral plexus

A

Superior gluteal n.
Inferior gluteal n.
Posterior femoral cutaneous n.
Pundendal n.
Sciatic n.

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19
Q

Varus and valgus stress

A
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20
Q

Lisfranc injury

A

Fracture of dislocation of midfoot
Most common dislocation

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21
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far sighted

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22
Q

Presbyopia

A

Far sighted due to age

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23
Q

Myopia

A

Near sighted

24
Q

Astigmatism

A

Problem with a curvature of the lens, several problems

25
Q

Retinal detachment

A

Separation of the retina from the choroid layer
Cobwebs, floating spots, flashes of light, shading
Medical emergency

26
Q

Strabismus

A

“Lazy eye” (ambloypia)

27
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

“Pinkeye”, irritants, colds, allergy

28
Q

Modified methods for peripheral field loss

A

Teach scanning techniques
Increased lighting
Increased contrast

29
Q

Modified methods for central field loss

A

Increased lighting
Eccentric viewing skills
Increased contrast
Magnifiers

30
Q

Modified methods for decreased acuity

A

Increased lighting
Increased contrast
Magnification

31
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity

A

Occurs with premature babies that were on high levels of oxygen

32
Q

Nystagmus

A

Abnormal response and can interfere with reception
Lack of nystagmus is abnormal

33
Q

Cortical blindness

A

Blindness that occurs in the brain

34
Q

Ptosis

A

Droopy eye

35
Q

OD

A

Right eye

36
Q

OS

A

Left eye

37
Q

OU

A

Both eyes

38
Q

Hemianopsia

A

If on the same side as the dominate hand, they may not be able to track or use adaption of the UE
Miss parts of reading or omitting letters or small words

39
Q

Visual perception

A

The total process of receiving and understanding visual stimuli

40
Q

2 main components of visual perception

A

Visual reception
- Extracting and organizing information from the environment
- For example, straight vision says: blue shirt, man, brown hair
> Visual reception tells you that he is a man (organizing), he is out of the ordinary

Visual cognition
- The ability to organize, structure and interpret visual stimuli
- The ability to understand what is seen

41
Q

Visual reception

A

Memories, knowledge, experience - give meaning to what you saw

42
Q

Visual cognition

A

Take what you saw and use it physically, socially, cognitively, emotionally

43
Q

Visual attention

A

Alertness
Selective attention
Shared attention
Visual vigilance

44
Q

Visual memory

A

Recognition
Retrieval

45
Q

Visual sequential memory

A

Can’t remember things in order

46
Q

Visual spatial memory

A

The location of things in space

47
Q

Visual discrimination

A

Ability to recognize, match, and categorize

48
Q

Development of visual perceptual skills

A

Birth
- Reflexive fixation and tracking
- Nystagmus
8 Weeks - occulomotor control begins
- Tracking develops- complete by age 5yrs
* Cardinal planes of movement
* Head movement indicates a lack or incomplete development
Peak of occulomotor control is 18 yrs
Vision is the primary way an infant collects information
- Long before they can manipulate an object they can perceive it, recognize a pattern, have form constancy, and depth perception.
To start, they learn to identify objects based on general appearance and later learn to see specific details
- 18 month old: dog
- 4 year old: granny’s dog,
- 7 year old: that’s a poodle
Visual cognitive skills are vital for developing print awareness
- knowledge of letters and words and that they have meaning

49
Q

Developmental ages to remember for vision

A

Visual Perception develops differently in different children: environment, opportunity, natural ability, and cognition
Typically developed by 9-10 years
- Figure ground-and form constancy: 6-7 yr
- Spatial relationships:10yrs
What can they draw?
- Verticals: 2
- Horizontals: 3-4 (people get arms)
- Laterality: 6-7 yrs
* Understand or recognize reversals- should stop mixing up b and d
* circles, the letter C
- Directionality: 8-9 yrs

50
Q

How do visual perceptual skills develop?

A

General to specific
- Dog
- Brown dog
- Big brown dog
- Big brown short haired dog, lab
Whole to part
- Doll
- Doll’s dress
Concrete to abstract
- “There is a crack in everything, that is how the light gets in”
Familiar to novel

51
Q

Agnosis

A

The inability to name an object known to the individual through visual means but able to by feel
- Right occipital lobe damage

52
Q

Color agnosia

A

Inability to remember what color things should be (grass)

53
Q

Color anomia

A

Inability to name a color

54
Q

Metamorphopsia

A

Inability to distinguish the size or weight of an object, often distorting the size

55
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to ID familiar faces
- lesion to R posterior hemisphere

56
Q

Astigmatism

A

Problem with a curvature of the lens, several problems
Light rays focus on more than one point (unequal refraction of light in different meridians)

57
Q

Nystagmus

A

Horizontal or vertical
Congenital or acquired
Meniere’s Disease, Head Injury, Tumor,
Idiopathic, drugs
- Post-rotary is normal
May or may not blur vision
Also the result of the Caloric Test

Impact to OT
- Medication review
- Impact to balance or gait

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