Neuro Flashcards

Question

Apraxia of speech

Answer 1

Inability to execute Neurological damage leading to apraxia of speech can occur in the following area: - Broca’s area - supplementary motor area - insula (insular cortex) - basal nuclei

Answer 2

Comprehension and formulation of language

Answer 3

Only uses main or necessary words of a sentence

Answer 4

Unable to comprehend what he hears or reads, cannot write, and in addition is unable to formulate normal language

Answer 5

Fluent Word finding issues Comprehension and repetition are good

Answer 6

1. Stroke occurs 2. Hyperacute - first 24 hours 3. Acute - 1-7 days 4. Early subacute - 1 week - 3 months 5. Late subacute - 3-6 months 6. Chronic - 6+ months

Answer 7

Teach patient as early as possible proper positioning Use gait belt or draw sheet instead of pulling on arm Orthotics as needed Avoid motions above 90 degrees unless there is scapular mobility - No overhead pulleys Encourage touching and handling of the extremity by the patient - Self range Use the limb

Answer 8

Spastic Hypertonic Hyperreflexic Disuse atrophy Positive babinsky

Answer 9

Flaccid Hypotonic Hyporeflexic Denervation atrophy Negative babinsky

Answer 10

Withdrawal reflex Response of an entire limb to noxious stimulus resulting in flexion/ withdrawal The flexor reflex is elicited by stimulation of cutaneous receptors and includes a reflex response across several joints involving an entire limb.

Answer 11

Maintains balance/posture The crossed extension reflex occurs to maintain balance and upright posture following contact with a noxious stimulus. The “crossed extension reflex” occurs in the contralateral limb that does not encounter the noxious stimulus.

Answer 12

Species preservation Self preserfavtion Expression of emotions and memory

Answer 13

Maintain homeostasis - appetite - fluid/electrolyte balance - glucose balance - metabolism - sleep - body temperature

Answer 14

Relay signals to: - motor areas - sensory areas - speech and vision

Answer 15

Ipsilateral motor - LMN paralysis at level of lesion - UMN signs after first few days below level of injury followed by spastic paralysis Sensory at and below level of lesion - loss of pain, temp, and crude touch - loss of sensory info from contralateral side of body

Answer 16

Can help diagnose whether any signals are passing an injured area of the spinal cord Assessed by examining the sensation and contraction of the external anal sphincter and the skin around the anus.

Answer 17

Ataxic A slowing down of articulatory movements, increased variability of pitch and loudness, monotonous and “scanning” speech, and articulatory impreciseness.

Answer 18

the ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury

Answer 19

Injury at the level of the cerebral cortex or below - flex arms

Answer 20

Injury at the level of the midbrain of below - extension

Answer 21

Patient is capable of some rudimentary behavior such as following a simple command Always in an inconsistent way

Answer 22

Only an inability of the patient to respond adequately with motor activity and speech

Answer 23

Patient is motionless and mute

Answer 24

Individual appears unresponsive Most often seen with psychosis

Answer 25

Olfactory (CN I) Optic (CN II) Accessory (CN XI)

Answer 26

Paralysis - complete loss of muscular action Paresis - muscle weakness or partial paralysis

Answer 27

cerebral cortex

Answer 28

motor cortex (motor strip)

Answer 29

basal nuclei

Answer 30

cerebellum

Answer 31

spinal cord

Answer 32

peripheral nerves

Answer 33

Spasticity: velocity related increase in tone - hypereflexia Rigidity: increased constant resistance to passive movement - normal reflexes

Answer 34

Innervates extensor wad Responsible for wrist, thumb, and MP extension Clinical presentation: - Weakness of wrist dorsiflexion and finger extension, causing wrist drop and MP drop

Answer 35

Ulnar n. in ulnar groove - funny bone - innervates adductor pollicis long head - flexes intrinsic and ulnar half of lumbricals - Guyon’s tunnel - when power comes from

Answer 36

Occurs due to compression at the elbow (cubital tunnel) or at the wrist (Guyon’s tunnel) Muscle weakness and atrophy predominate the clinical presentation If it gets trapped at the cubital tunnel, there will be numbness and tingling Can cause ulnar claw hand - caused by an imbalance between strong extrinsic muscles and weakened intrinsic muscles - MCP hyperextension - PIP and DIP flexion

Answer 37

Injury at elbow or wrist Commonly compressed at the wrist causing carpal tunnel syndrome Deformity or ape-like hand - flat thenar eminence and adducted thumb Opposition and abduction aren’t possible leading to loss of pincer-like action of hand - difficulty with fine motor tasks like buttoning Cause: - paralysis and wasting of the muscles of the thenar eminence - adductor pollicis is unopposed since it is supplied by ulnar n. - opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis Big driver of thumb flexion and adduction, except for deep adductor pollicis If anterior interosseous n. injury is present, the patient will be unable to bring together the distal phalanx or thumb and index finger to make the OK sign.