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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory nerve
- Relays sense of smell

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2
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Optic nerve
- Relays visual information
- Visual field
- Acuity

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3
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

Oculomotor nerve
- Innervates eye muscles
- Eyelid elevation (prevents ptosis)
- Elevation, depression, adduction
- Pupil constriction

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4
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

Trochlear nerve
- Innervates eye muscles
- Depression and abduction

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5
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal nerve
- Innervates muscles for chewing, biting, and rotary jaw movements
- Sensory branch innervates skin, mucous membranes, and sinuses of the face

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6
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

Abducens nerve
- Eye abduction
- Accommodation for far vision

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7
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

Facial nerve
- Facial expression
- Taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue

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8
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve
- Hearing
- Balance
- Postural control

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9
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve - tested with cranial nerve X and associated with
- Gag reflex
- Blood pressure regulation
- Swallow
- Salivation
- Taste and sensation for posterior 1/3 of tongue

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10
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Cranial nerve - tested with cranial nerve IX and associated with
- Gag reflex
- Blood pressure regulation
- Innervates pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles (Phonation)
- Parasympathetic innervation of chest and abdomen

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11
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

Spinal accessory nerve
- Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius for motor movements of shoulder and neck

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12
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal nerve
- Motor movement of tongue

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13
Q

Functions of frontal lobe

A

Emotional control
Impulse control
Motor function
Short-term memory
Initiation
Executive function
Social and sexual behavior

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14
Q

Functions of occipital lobe

A

Visual reception
Color recognition

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15
Q

Neurologic deficits associated with right hemisphere dysfunction

A

Left hemiparesis/plegia
Left sensory impairment
Unilateral body and spatial neglect
Left motor apraxia
Left visual field cut
Visuospatial problems
Attention deficits
Decreased insight into deficits

Left side motor and sensory impairment
Visual field deficits
Spatial neglect
Poor insight and judgment
Impulsive
Attention span
Initiating activities
Drawing
Remembering visual objects
Recognition of faces
Emotional stability

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16
Q

Neurologic deficits associated with left hemisphere dysfunction

A

Right hemiparesis/plegia
Right sensory impairment
Language impairment
Bilateral motor apraxia
Frustration

Right side motor impairment
Aphasia
Apraxia
Motor speech
Expressive speech
Emotional control
Understanding math
Writing
Proprioception
Reading numbers and letters
Recognizing objects
Remembering written information

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17
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe

A

Long term memory
Receptive language
Processing of auditory and visual sensory information

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18
Q

Function of parietal lobe

A

Integration of sensory information
Knowledge of numbers and their relations
Object manipulation
Visuospatial processing
Praxis

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19
Q

The motor speech system includes…

A

Cerebellum
Basal nuclei
Somatic muscles

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20
Q

Dysarthria

A

Incoordination and/or slowness of speech
Dysarthria occurs when the muscles you use for speech are weak or you have difficulty controlling them.

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21
Q

Aphasia

A

Absence of speech
Involves multiple anatomic regions
Can be a result of damage to any area of the cortex
The characteristics of the aphasia can reveal the area of the lesion

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22
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Middle cerebral artery serves this area.
Difficulty expressing thought
Nonfluent
Speaks slowly and with difficulty
Spoken and written language comprehension is relatively preserved
Repetition is poor

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23
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Unilateral lesion in the dominant hemisphere
Difficulty comprehending the spoken word and is unable to read
Even if speech is fluent the combination and order of the words is meaningless and makes no sense to him or others (fluent paraphasia speech)
Individual is unaware of his deficiencies.

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24
Q

Global aphasia

A

Unable to comprehend what he hears of reads
Cannot write
Unable to formulate normal language
Nonfluent

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25
Q

Apraxia of speech

A

Inability to execute
Neurological damage leading to apraxia of speech can occur in the following area:
- Broca’s area
- supplementary motor area
- insula (insular cortex)
- basal nuclei

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26
Q

Describe the function of Wernicke’s area.

A

Comprehension and formulation of language

27
Q

Describe Broca’s area lesion.

A

Only uses main or necessary words of a sentence

28
Q

Describe global aphasia lesion.

A

Unable to comprehend what he hears or reads, cannot write, and in addition is unable to formulate normal language

29
Q

Anomic aphasia

A

Fluent
Word finding issues
Comprehension and repetition are good

30
Q

Timeline after stroke

A
  1. Stroke occurs
  2. Hyperacute - first 24 hours
  3. Acute - 1-7 days
  4. Early subacute - 1 week - 3 months
  5. Late subacute - 3-6 months
  6. Chronic - 6+ months
31
Q

Handling UE after stroke

A

Teach patient as early as possible proper positioning
Use gait belt or draw sheet instead of pulling on arm
Orthotics as needed
Avoid motions above 90 degrees unless there is scapular mobility
- No overhead pulleys
Encourage touching and handling of the extremity by the patient
- Self range
Use the limb

32
Q

Modified Ashworth Scale

A
33
Q

UMN symptoms

A

Spastic
Hypertonic
Hyperreflexic
Disuse atrophy
Positive babinsky

34
Q

LMN symptoms

A

Flaccid
Hypotonic
Hyporeflexic
Denervation atrophy
Negative babinsky

35
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Withdrawal reflex
Response of an entire limb to noxious stimulus resulting in flexion/ withdrawal
The flexor reflex is elicited by stimulation of cutaneous receptors and includes a reflex response across several joints involving an entire limb.

36
Q

Crossed extension reflex

A

Maintains balance/posture
The crossed extension reflex occurs to maintain balance and upright posture following contact with a noxious stimulus.
The “crossed extension reflex” occurs in the contralateral limb that does not encounter the noxious stimulus.

37
Q

Functions of the limbic system

A

Species preservation
Self preserfavtion
Expression of emotions and memory

38
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Maintain homeostasis
- appetite
- fluid/electrolyte balance
- glucose balance
- metabolism
- sleep
- body temperature

39
Q

Function of the thalamaus

A

Relay signals to:
- motor areas
- sensory areas
- speech and vision

40
Q

Brown Sequard syndrome

A

Ipsilateral motor
- LMN paralysis at level of lesion
- UMN signs after first few days below level of injury followed by spastic paralysis
Sensory at and below level of lesion
- loss of pain, temp, and crude touch
- loss of sensory info from contralateral side of body

41
Q

Sacral sparing

A

Can help diagnose whether any signals are passing an injured area of the spinal cord
Assessed by examining the sensation and contraction of the external anal sphincter and the skin around the anus.

42
Q

Cerebellar dysarthria

A

Ataxic
A slowing down of articulatory movements, increased variability of pitch and loudness, monotonous and “scanning” speech, and articulatory impreciseness.

43
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury

44
Q

Decorticate

A

Injury at the level of the cerebral cortex or below
- flex arms

45
Q

Decerebrate

A

Injury at the level of the midbrain of below
- extension

46
Q

Minimally conscious state

A

Patient is capable of some rudimentary behavior such as following a simple command
Always in an inconsistent way

47
Q

Locked in syndrome

A

Only an inability of the patient to respond adequately with motor activity and speech

48
Q

Akinetic mutism

A

Patient is motionless and mute

49
Q

Catatonia

A

Individual appears unresponsive
Most often seen with psychosis

50
Q

Which cranial nerves would be spared by brainstem damage?

A

Olfactory (CN I)
Optic (CN II)
Accessory (CN XI)

51
Q

Paralysis vs. paresis

A

Paralysis - complete loss of muscular action
Paresis - muscle weakness or partial paralysis

52
Q

CNS area involved in planning

A

cerebral cortex

53
Q

CNS area involved in command

A

motor cortex (motor strip)

54
Q

CNS area involved in organizing muscle groups

A

basal nuclei

55
Q

CNS area involved in adjustment

A

cerebellum

56
Q

CNS area involved in associations

A

brainstem

57
Q

CNS area involved in pathways

A

spinal cord

58
Q

CNS area involved in final transmission

A

peripheral nerves

59
Q

Spasticity vs. rigidity

A

Spasticity: velocity related increase in tone
- hypereflexia
Rigidity: increased constant resistance to passive movement
- normal reflexes

60
Q

Radial nerve

A

Innervates extensor wad
Responsible for wrist, thumb, and MP extension

Clinical presentation:
- Weakness of wrist dorsiflexion and finger extension, causing wrist drop and MP drop

61
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Ulnar n. in ulnar groove - funny bone
- innervates adductor pollicis long head
- flexes intrinsic and ulnar half of lumbricals
- Guyon’s tunnel
- when power comes from

62
Q

Ulnar nerve palsy

A

Occurs due to compression at the elbow (cubital tunnel) or at the wrist (Guyon’s tunnel)
Muscle weakness and atrophy predominate the clinical presentation
If it gets trapped at the cubital tunnel, there will be numbness and tingling
Can cause ulnar claw hand
- caused by an imbalance between strong extrinsic muscles and weakened intrinsic muscles
- MCP hyperextension
- PIP and DIP flexion

63
Q

Median nerve

A

Injury at elbow or wrist
Commonly compressed at the wrist causing carpal tunnel syndrome
Deformity or ape-like hand
- flat thenar eminence and adducted thumb
Opposition and abduction aren’t possible leading to loss of pincer-like action of hand
- difficulty with fine motor tasks like buttoning

Cause:
- paralysis and wasting of the muscles of the thenar eminence
- adductor pollicis is unopposed since it is supplied by ulnar n.
- opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and flexor pollicis brevis

Big driver of thumb flexion and adduction, except for deep adductor pollicis
If anterior interosseous n. injury is present, the patient will be unable to bring together the distal phalanx or thumb and index finger to make the OK sign.

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