Development and Aging

Question 1

Changes in cardiopulmonary system associated with aging

Answer 1

Thickening of the inner heart lining
Decreased cardiac output
Changes in the elastin of the arterial walls
Reduced lung volume

Question 2

Developmental dyspraxia

Answer 2

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by:
- clumsiness and poor coordination
- motor planning deficits
- learning difficulties
- perceptual deficits (visual and motor)

Question 3

Down syndrome

Answer 3

Genetic d/o associated with chromosome 21
Characterized by:
- Mild->moderate ID
- Physical developmental delay
- Low muscle tone
- Characteristic facial features

Question 4

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer 4

Neurodevelopmental do characterized by
- Social dysfunction
- Stereotypical behavior patterns
- Preservative thoughts or interests
- Sensory processing deficits
- Executive dysfunction

Question 5

Changes in musculoskeletal system associated with aging

Answer 5

Decrease in bone density
Sarcopenia
Decline in skeletal flexibility and mobility
Joint degeneration

Question 6

Changes in nervous system associated with aging

Answer 6

Brain atrophy
Decrease in nerve conduction velocity
Reduced ability to maintain homeostasis
Decline in cognitive processing

Question 7

Righting reaction

Answer 7

Postural reflex present from 3-6m that orients the body in response to visual and vestibular input

Neck on body
Body on body
Head on body

Question 8

Protective extension

Answer 8

Postural response present at 6m and continuing throughout life
Characterized by reflexive straightening of BUE in response to loss of balance

Question 9

Equilibrium reaction

Answer 9

Postural reflex present at 6m and continuing throughout life that helps maintain or recover balance - includes shifting body to reorient to midline

Question 10

Emotional regulation development: neurophysiologic modulation phase

Answer 10

Phase of emotional regulation development occurring from B-3m characterized by the ability to regulate arousal (self-sooth) and activate organized patterns of behavior (sleep-wake cycle)

Question 11

Emotional regulation development: control phase

Answer 11

Phase of emotion regulation development occurring from 12-18m characterized by:
- emerging awareness of social demands
- varying levels of inhibition and compliance
- self-initiated monitoring related to an understanding of consequences

Question 12

Emotional regulation development: self-control phase

Answer 12

Phase of emotion regulation development occurring between 24-48m characterized by:
- emerging sense of identity
- demonstrated knowledge of social rules
- minimal flexibility and adaptation to change

Question 13

Primitive development reflexes

Answer 13

Automatic movements performed by an infant without conscious effort in response to a stimulus, typically integrated by early childhood and are a precursor to functional movement

A persistent primitive reflex is typically indicative of CNS dysfunction

Question 14

Stage of motor learning: exploratory stage

Answer 14

Occurring between 1-3m where the infant learns about the self and environment using primitive movement patterns to:
- swipe at objects
- initiate reach
- complete low level skills

Question 15

Stage of motor learning: perceptual learning

Answer 15

Occurs between 3-6m where the infant uses perceptual skills developed through exploration characterized by:
- more accurate and direct reach
- consistency of movement patterns
- engagement in trial-and-error learning

Question 16

Changes in genitourinary system associated with aging

Answer 16

Smaller bladder capacity
Bladder muscle weakness
Reduced sensation to void
Decline in urethral closure
Changes in sexual organ functioning

Question 17

Changes in integumentary system associated with aging

Answer 17

Reduced collagen and elastin
Decreased melanin production
Reduced tactile sensitivity
Changes in hair growth, color, and thickness

Question 18

Relational play

Answer 18

Also referred to as functional play; using toys consistent with their intended purpose (spoon to eat)

Question 19

Pretend play

Answer 19

Also referred to as symbolic or imaginary play; involves making object/toys preform intended actions (pretending to talk on phone)

Question 20

Social play

Answer 20

Interaction with and emotionally relating to others
Behavior and skills to develop and progress through childhood

Question 21

Gross motor play

Answer 21

Involves full body, kinesthetic motor movements

Question 22

Constructive play

Answer 22

Involves using objects/toys to produce or build something

Question 23

Restrictive repetitive acts

Answer 23

Diagnostic feature of ASD that involves repetitive movements
E.g.: flapping, rocking, spinning, banging head

Question 24

Onlooker play

Answer 24

Social play behavior that occurs when a child observes another child engaging in play from a distance

Question 25

Stage of motor learning: skill achievement

Answer 25

Occurs between 6-9m and characterized by:
- high adaptability
- perceptual learning
- increased self-organization
- using action patterns that are orderly and efficient

Question 26

Emotional regulation development: self-regulation phase

Answer 26

Occurs at 36m+ and characterized by:
- flexibility to adapt to unexpected change
- self awareness
- capacity to evaluate own behavior