Development and Aging Flashcards
Changes in cardiopulmonary system associated with aging
Thickening of the inner heart lining
Decreased cardiac output
Changes in the elastin of the arterial walls
Reduced lung volume
Developmental dyspraxia
Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by:
- clumsiness and poor coordination
- motor planning deficits
- learning difficulties
- perceptual deficits (visual and motor)
Down syndrome
Genetic d/o associated with chromosome 21
Characterized by:
- Mild->moderate ID
- Physical developmental delay
- Low muscle tone
- Characteristic facial features
Autism spectrum disorder
Neurodevelopmental do characterized by
- Social dysfunction
- Stereotypical behavior patterns
- Preservative thoughts or interests
- Sensory processing deficits
- Executive dysfunction
Changes in musculoskeletal system associated with aging
Decrease in bone density
Sarcopenia
Decline in skeletal flexibility and mobility
Joint degeneration
Changes in nervous system associated with aging
Brain atrophy
Decrease in nerve conduction velocity
Reduced ability to maintain homeostasis
Decline in cognitive processing
Righting reaction
Postural reflex present from 3-6m that orients the body in response to visual and vestibular input
Neck on body
Body on body
Head on body
Protective extension
Postural response present at 6m and continuing throughout life
Characterized by reflexive straightening of BUE in response to loss of balance
Equilibrium reaction
Postural reflex present at 6m and continuing throughout life that helps maintain or recover balance - includes shifting body to reorient to midline
Emotional regulation development: neurophysiologic modulation phase
Phase of emotional regulation development occurring from B-3m characterized by the ability to regulate arousal (self-sooth) and activate organized patterns of behavior (sleep-wake cycle)
Emotional regulation development: control phase
Phase of emotion regulation development occurring from 12-18m characterized by:
- emerging awareness of social demands
- varying levels of inhibition and compliance
- self-initiated monitoring related to an understanding of consequences
Emotional regulation development: self-control phase
Phase of emotion regulation development occurring between 24-48m characterized by:
- emerging sense of identity
- demonstrated knowledge of social rules
- minimal flexibility and adaptation to change
Primitive development reflexes
Automatic movements performed by an infant without conscious effort in response to a stimulus, typically integrated by early childhood and are a precursor to functional movement
A persistent primitive reflex is typically indicative of CNS dysfunction
Stage of motor learning: exploratory stage
Occurring between 1-3m where the infant learns about the self and environment using primitive movement patterns to:
- swipe at objects
- initiate reach
- complete low level skills
Stage of motor learning: perceptual learning
Occurs between 3-6m where the infant uses perceptual skills developed through exploration characterized by:
- more accurate and direct reach
- consistency of movement patterns
- engagement in trial-and-error learning
Changes in genitourinary system associated with aging
Smaller bladder capacity
Bladder muscle weakness
Reduced sensation to void
Decline in urethral closure
Changes in sexual organ functioning
Changes in integumentary system associated with aging
Reduced collagen and elastin
Decreased melanin production
Reduced tactile sensitivity
Changes in hair growth, color, and thickness
Relational play
Also referred to as functional play; using toys consistent with their intended purpose (spoon to eat)
Pretend play
Also referred to as symbolic or imaginary play; involves making object/toys preform intended actions (pretending to talk on phone)
Social play
Interaction with and emotionally relating to others
Behavior and skills to develop and progress through childhood
Gross motor play
Involves full body, kinesthetic motor movements
Constructive play
Involves using objects/toys to produce or build something
Restrictive repetitive acts
Diagnostic feature of ASD that involves repetitive movements
E.g.: flapping, rocking, spinning, banging head
Onlooker play
Social play behavior that occurs when a child observes another child engaging in play from a distance
Stage of motor learning: skill achievement
Occurs between 6-9m and characterized by:
- high adaptability
- perceptual learning
- increased self-organization
- using action patterns that are orderly and efficient
Emotional regulation development: self-regulation phase
Occurs at 36m+ and characterized by:
- flexibility to adapt to unexpected change
- self awareness
- capacity to evaluate own behavior
