Ethics & EBP Flashcards

Question

Nondirectional hypothesis

Answer 1

Research question in which the researcher cannot predict if outcomes related to variable manipulation will be positive or negative (i.e., two-tailed)

Answer 2

Research statement in which the researcher predicts outcomes related to manipulation of variables

Answer 3

Acronym that describes the method used to formulate a clinical or research question P - patient/population I - intervention/indicator C - comparison/control O - outcome

Answer 4

Test scoring procedure involving a mathematical conversion of the number of items that a test-taker correctly answers on a test transformed so that there is a consistent scale used across all forms of a test Similar to converting from pounds to kilograms or centigrade to Fahrenheit (e.g., the weight or temperature has not changed, only the format used to report the units)

Answer 5

Category of scientific literature that includes original research studies or sources of information

Answer 6

Category of scientific literature that summarizes, references, or analyzes original sources of information

Answer 7

A disconnect between an individual and participation in meaningful activity (e.g., an older resident of a nursing home who is immersed in nonperferred activities), or a disconnect between an individual and a fulfilling environment (e.g., a refugee living in a new culture) May result in: - loss of self-identity - loss of self-determination

Answer 8

An interruption, often caused by prolonged occupational deprivation, in the ability to perform and participate in typical occupations

Answer 9

A condition in which an individual is unable to participate in meaningful life activities due to external factors (e.g., poverty, local regulations, refugeeism)

Answer 10

Internal and external conditions that impact health and wellness outcomes and/or influence an individual's ability to fully engage or participate in meaningful life activities and occupations

Answer 11

Ineffective balance between productivity, leisure, and rest that negatively impacts health and wellness

Answer 12

Process of increasing the individual’s awareness of risk factors and behavioral changes that influence health, encourage self-management, and facilitate well-being

Answer 13

Ineffective ability to make personal choices or decisions regarding participation in meaningful occupations

Answer 14

Environmental factors that impact a person's quality of life, health, and functioning Derived from the conditions of a person's environment, such as where a person lives, works, worships, or plays

Answer 15

Methods or actions intended to decrease long-term effects of a disease or disability May include: - social support - rehab services

Answer 16

Methods or actions intended to reduce the progression of a disease May include: - early detection of a disease - medical intervention for illness or conditions - preventing the development of secondary conditions

Answer 17

Methods or actions intended to inhibit the development of a disease May include: - good eating habits - quality sleep/rest - regular exercise and daily activity - routine physical exam by a physician

Answer 18

Process of restricting communication of protected health information to within proper limits In health care provision it is a legal and ethical expectation

Answer 19

Unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Answer 20

Treating all individuals equally with attitude of fairness and impartiality; respecting beliefs, values, and lifestyles in day-to-day interactions

Answer 21

Right to exercise choice and to demonstrate independence, initiative, and self-direction

Answer 22

Abide by laws that govern practice and to respect the legal right of each individual

Answer 23

Direct supervision: required for students and aides; supervising therapist is nearby and always observing Close supervision: direct observation and contact daily at the work site on a regular basis Routine supervision: face-to-face contact every 2 weeks at the sire of work; can include regular supervision though telecommunication General supervision - initial direction and F2F contact with supervising therapist at least once a month, with interim supervision as needed by telecommunication

Answer 24

Level I: Systematic reviews and well-designed meta-analyses of several Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) Level II: Well-designed RCTs Level III: Well-designed nonrandomized quasi-experimental studies Level IV: Controlled non-interventional descriptive studies, including correlational and case control studies Level V: Uncontrolled non-interventional studies, including case reports, and qualitative studies Level VI: Expert opinion of respected authorities

Answer 25

A metric indicating whether an assessment provides consistent results when it is administered on two different occasions When an instrument or assessment consistently provides the researcher with same results, we can say that there is test-retest reliability. Test—retest reliability is calculated based on the two administrations of the assessment; the “Time 1 score” is the first variable, and the “Time 2 score” is the second variable

Answer 26

This is a technique used to assess the reliability of questionnaires: Assessment items are divided into two smaller sections (usually by dividing them into odd and even items, or first half and last half) Scores are then correlated from the two halves of the assessment.

Answer 27

When there are multiple versions of the same test, it is important to determine if each version of the test will provide consistent results. In this measure of reliability, an assessment’s alternative forms are administered to subjects at the same time and then scores are correlated from the two forms of the assessment A counterbalanced design might be utilized for testing

Answer 28

This is the extent to which the items that make up an assessment covary or correlate with each other. This may be referred to as the homogeneity of the assessment. Do all items in the assessment accurately measure a construct Internal consistency and construct validity are closely related. If an assessment has a high internal consistency, we can assume that there is construct validity as well.

Answer 29

There are two sources of observer/rater error that are typically examined: - Observer presence and characteristics – The presence of the rater may impact the behavior of the subjects (The Hawthorne effect) - Rater bias – Bias may be introduced when one rater takes two or more measurements of the same item. The rater may be biased by remembering the score on the subject’s previous attempt/performance.

Answer 30

When you have two or more raters who are assigning scores based on subject observation, there may be variations in the scores. All raters should observe a single trial, either simultaneously or via video recordings of the subject’s performance. Raters should not compare or collaborate on scores. We would like to see agreement in the scores from all raters.

Answer 31

The assumption of validity of a measuring instrument based on its appearance as a reasonable measure of a given variable An assessment has the appearance of measuring an underlying construct The weakest evidence of validity; used alone, it is insufficient to demonstrate the validity of an assessment Face validity can be helpful in deciding whether or not to use an assessment. It may help to determine if an assessment is relevant to what we want to measure.

Answer 32

A type of measurement validity – the degree to which the items in an instrument adequately reflect the content domain being measured Content validity is the adequacy with which an assessment is able to capture the construct it aims to measure It is concerned with whether the items that make up the assessment adequately are relevant to the variables that are being measured. Content validity is also concerned that irrelevant content be excluded from the assessment

Answer 33

The ability of an assessment to produce results that are in agreement with or predict a known criterion assessment or known variable. It is important to select a criterion assessment for comparison that is recognized and demonstrated to have good reliability and validity. You compare your results to a test that is considered to be the “gold standard” assessment for that criterion

Answer 34

Concurrent validity- the degree to which the outcomes of one test correlate with outcomes on a criterion test, when both are given at the same time Predictive validity- an instrument is used to predict some future performance

Answer 35

Does the assessment measure the construct that it is intended to measure? This is the ultimate objective of all forms of empirically assessing validity A type of measurement validity in which the degree of a theoretical construct is measured

Answer 36

Efficacy is generally defined as the benefit of an intervention as compared to a control or standard program. It provides information about the behavior of clinical variables under controlled, randomized conditions This allows researchers to examine theory and draw generalizations to large populations

Answer 37

When the researcher reports a relationship between the intervention and the outcome (or progress) when no relationship (or progress) really exists

Answer 38

When the researcher reports that no relationship (or improvement/progress) exists between the intervention and the outcome, when there really was a relationship or improvement

Answer 39

One who has the condition will be classified as having the condition Test sensitivity – refers to how well a test detects a condition that is actually present

Answer 40

One who does not have the condition will be classified as not having the condition Test specificity - refers to how well a test detects that a condition is not present when it is actually not present

Answer 41

Cohort study

Answer 42

Demonstrates and attitude of empathy and respect for self and others; treating the client with respect in all interactions

Answer 43

Faithful to facts and reality; in all situations, occupational therapy personnel must provide accurate information in oral, written, and electronic forms

Answer 44

Exercises judiciousness, discretion, vigilance, moderation, care, and circumspection in the management of one’s affairs; use of clinical and ethical reasoning skills, sound judgment and reflection to make decisions in professional and volunteer roles

Answer 45

Addressing client’s functional limitations through the specific assessment and intervention techniques appropriate for that area of disability in order to remediate, adapt, or compensate for lost occupational abilities.

Answer 46

Collaborating with the client to encourage, coach, problem solve, and promote active engagement in occupation. Focuses on the therapist-client communication, emotions, and motivational issues of occupational performance.

Answer 47

Connecting with the client in their own culture and world in order to create meaningful occupational experiences. This may not always be conscious but involves OT therapeutic use of self in order to convey empathy with a nonjudgmental, culturally sensitive approach in order to visualize how clients see themselves both now and in the future.

Answer 48

directed towards relatively health individuals (e.g. - wearing a seat belt)

Answer 49

provided when a person is already in a state of ill health and is demonstrating active signs and symptoms e.g. - home exercise program as a part of cardiac rehab program

Answer 50

dispossession, divestment, confiscation, or taking from that keeps a person from acquiring, using or enjoying something

Answer 51

underutilization or undermining of health by capitalism and technological advancements. The quest for success and technology itself is not dangerous but it can create an alienating effect when human occupations are minimized and/or eliminated in the name of progress