Diagnoses Flashcards
What is autism?
Neurodevelopmental condition that includes social communication and interaction deficits as well as repetitive patterns of behavior and interests.
What is social emotional reciprocity?
Social emotional reciprocity is one type of social interaction deficit. Challenges can include difficulties with sharing, participating in the back and forth of conversational exchange, and joint attention.
Joint attention is when two individuals use gestures or eye gaze to share focus on the same object or event.
What are social communication differences?
Social communication differences commonly include echolalia, one example of unconventional verbal behavior in which the individual repeats words and phrases heard from digital sources or people in their lives. In autism, echolalia may or may not have communicative meaning.
What is intellectual disability?
ID is characterized by deficits in intellectual functions that can vary in severity. These include reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning, and learning from experience.
These deficits lead to impairments in adaptive functioning that can impact personal, social, academic, and/or occupational functioning.
What is global developmental delay?
when an individual fails to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of intellectual functioning
Describe mild intellectual disability.
Slowed development, modest difficulty in school
Higher level executive functioning
May sustain jobs
Individuals can often live independently with minimal support.
Describe moderate intellectual disability.
Can be independent in self-care
Difficulty interpreting social cues
Academic skills are significantly lower than peers
Communication is less complex
Extensive teaching and cuing supports are needed.
Environmental and visual cuing systems can help with communication, memory, and sequencing.
Describe severe intellectual disability.
Limited attainment of conceptual skills and cannot read or manipulate numbers
Communication is focused on the present
Understands simple speech and gestures
Speaks with limited vocab and grammar
Requires full time supervision
Significant support for all ADLs
Describe profound intellectual disability.
Dependent in ADLs
Nonverbal and non-symbolic communication and social interaction
May follow 1-2 step actions
Often co-ocuring with physical and sensory conditions
Caregiving support for all ADLs
What impact does ID have on sensory and motor functions?
Sensory functions, such as vision and hearing, are often compromised for people with intellectual disabilities.
Locomotor skills, postural balance, and object manipulation are often slower for individuals with an intellectual disability.
What is ADHD?
People with ADHD typically exhibit behaviors that are classified into two main categories: (1) poor sustained attention and (2) hyperactivity-impulsivity.
A comprehensive OT intervention for ADHD focuses on…
sensorineural, cognitive, motor, and psychosocial functions, and combined with the awareness of lifestyle considerations in medication management can provide a dynamic perspective to clients, their families, and their various treatment, educational, or vocational resources
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
A group of conditions with onset in the developmental period
What is language disorder?
Reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, impairments in discourse
What is speech sound disorder?
Difficulty with speech sound production causing limits in effective communication.
What is social (pragmatic) communication disorder?
Difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication resulting in functional limitations.
What is childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)?
Disturbances in fluency and time patterning of speech (repetitions, prolongations, broken words, blocking)
What is developmental coordination disorder?
characterized by deficits in the acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills and is manifested by clumsiness and slowness or inaccuracy of performance of motor skills that cause interference with ADLs.
What is stereotypic movement disorder?
diagnosed when an individual has repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behaviors (hand flapping, body rocking, head banging, self-biting, hitting)
What are tics?
sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, motor movements or vocalizations
What is tourette’s disorder?
motor and vocal tics persisting for more than 1 year
What is pica?
The label for behavior involved in eating nonfood.
Examples: dirt, coins, articles of clothing, etc.
Often occurs in context of a developmental disability.
What is rumination disorder?
Occasionally adults are diagnosed—typically in those with ID.
Diagnostic criteria: repeated regurgitation over at least 1 month.
The only specifier is whether the condition is in remission; must be distinguished from medical conditions that might explain the symptoms (such as anorexia or bulimia).
May result in failure to thrive, anemia, and other medical conditions that may affect the infant’s developmental progress
What is anorexia nervosa?
Often associated w/ disturbances of body image–perception that one is distressingly large despite obvious thinness.
Disorder in which persons refuse to maintain a minimally normal weight, intensely fear gaining weight, and significantly misinterpret their body and its shape.
What enuresis?
Inability or unwillingness to control urination.
What is encopresis?
Term is used to describe withholding feces and ignoring the need to defecate.
After ignoring the need, they eventually lose the ability to recognize the impulse.
What is a depressive disorder?
As a group, these are characterized by “sad, empty, or irritable mood.”
Symptoms in this cluster of disorders include somatic and cognitive changes which typically affect an individual’s ability to function.
Depressed mood is characteristic of all these disorders.
Distinctions: severity, duration of episodes, degree of chronicity, and presumed etiology
What is major depressive disorder?
Major depressive episodes characterize both the bipolar and depressive disorders.
For a diagnosis of, the individual must show 5 symptoms that include depressed mood or anhedonia and four other manifestations of depression. May include:
- Weight loss.
- Insomnia or hypersomnia almost every day.
- Fatigue or lack of energy.
- Feelings of guilt or worthlessness.
- Difficulty concentrating.
- Repeated suicidal ideation.
The symptoms must cause distress and dysfunction. They must be distinguished from grief following a loss and must occur almost daily for 2 weeks.
What is dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)?
Is more chronic but typically less severe than major depressive disorder.
Diagnostic criteria: appetite changes, poor sleep, fatigue, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of hopelessness.
What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
5 or more symptoms before and during menses: emotional lability (emotions all over the place), irritability, depressed mood, anxiety, decreased interest in activities, poor concentration, lethargy, changes in appetite and sleep, feelings of being overwhelmed or out of control, and physical symptoms.
Condition must interfere with individual’s daily function.
What is seasonal affective disorder?
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that’s related to changes in seasons — SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year.
What is disruptive mood dysregulation?
Refers to presence of symptoms (persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme behavioral dysfunction/dyscontrol) for children up to 12 years of age
What are symptoms of anxiety?
Emotional: feeling uneasy, overwhelmed, helpless and out of control.
Physiological: cardiovascular, GI, respiratory, urinary, genital, autonomic, muscular
Cognitive: confusion, poor memory, loss of perspective, obsessive thoughts, poor problem solving.
Behavioral: looks preoccupied, immobile, overactive, restless, excess, or decreased consumption of substances/foods, rituals to alleviate anxiety.
What is selective mutism?
Selective Mutism is a complex childhood anxiety disorder characterized by a child’s inability to speak and communicate effectively in select social settings.
The majority of these children have a genetic predisposition to anxiety.
What is a panic attack?
4 or more symptoms in 10 minutes
- cardiac symptoms
- trembling
- shortness of breath
- feeling of suffocation
- chest pain
- sensations of choking
- nausea
- dizziness
- derealization
- paresthesia
- chills
- hot flashes
- fear of losing control
What is OCD?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
What are obsessions?
Obsessions: uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts or mental images that cause anxiety.
What are compulsions?
Compulsions: uncontrollable, reoccurring behaviors in response to an obsessive thought.
What is the diagnostic criteria for body dysmorphic disorder?
Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects/flaws in physical appearance
During course, individual has performed repetitive behaviors (mirror checking, skin picking, excessive grooming) or mental acts (comparing appearance to that of others) in response to appearance concerns.
What is body dysmorphia?
Consists of preoccupation with the idea that one’s body is too small or insufficiently lean or muscular.
Majority tends to diet, exercise, and/or lift weights excessively, sometimes causing bodily damage.
What is bipolar I disorder?
Represents the classic manic-depressive disorder (affective psychosis)
What is bipolar II disorder?
Requires at least one episode of major depression and at least one hypomanic episode.
What is cyclothymic disorder?
Diagnosis given to adults who experience at least 2 years of hypomanic and depressive periods without fulfilling the criteria for mania, hypomania, or major depression.
What is mania?
Mania is a mood state characterized by period of at least one week where an elevated, expansive, or unusually irritable mood exists.
What is a manic episode?
A distinct period during which there is an abnormally, persistently, elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased activity or energy that is present for most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 1 week
What are hypomanic episodes?
Associated with an unequivocal change in functioning that is uncharacteristic of the individual when not symptomatic.
Persecutory delusions
belief that one is going to be harmed, harassed, and so forth by an individual, organization, or other group
Referential delusions
belief that certain gestures, comments, environmental cues, and so forth are directed at oneself.
Grandiose delusions
when an individual believes that he or she has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame
Erotomanic delusions
when an individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her
Nihilistic delusions
involve the conviction that a major catastrophe will occur
Somatic delusions
focus on preoccupations regarding health and organ function
What are hallucinations?
Hallucinations are perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus. They are vivid and clear, with the full force and impact of normal perceptions, and not under voluntary control.
They may occur in any sensory modality, but auditory hallucinations are the most common in schizophrenia and related disorders.
What are delusions?
Fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change considering conflicting evidence.
Intersections Syndrome
Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis cross over the extensor carpi radialis longus and the extensor carpi radialis brevis
Decerebrate and decorticate postures
