Cognition Flashcards
Reading literacy: reading readiness
A skill that involves combining the understanding of alphabet knowledge, print concepts, memory, vocabulary, and phonological awareness in order to begin learning to read
Semantic memory
Type of declarative long-term memory associated with the retrieval of common knowledge, including vocabulary and general facts
Explicit memory
Purposeful retrieval of experiences and factual information about everyday events
Two types: episodic and semantic
Conventional literacy development
Last phase of literacy learning, typically occurring between 48-60m
Includes combining skills (fluency, decoding, comprehension, oral reading, spelling, and writing sentences) into writing and reading
Prospective memory
Type of memory associated with remembering to perform an action or event planed for a future date
Reading literacy: rapid naming of digits and letters
A skill required for reading literacy that involves the ability to quickly name groups of letters and numbers in the order presented without context
E.g. When presented with a written phone number, a child would be able to quickly name the numbers listed
Preliteracy development
First phase of literacy learning, occurring B-15m, including precursor skills such as:
- joint attention
- social reciprocity
- pointing
- looking at a communicating partner
- handling books
Emergent literacy development
Secondary phase of literacy learning, typically occurring between 12-42m:
- first spoken words (requesting or gaining attention)
- comprehension of language borth through auditory and visual channels
- vocabulary building
Encoding
Stage of memory where the brain processes details of information to be remembered
Associated with language areas, frontal lobes, and visual system.
What are the stages of memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retreival
What are the types of long term memory?
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
Ideational apraxia
Neurobehavioral deficit characterized by the ability to correctly use an everyday tool or object for its intended purpose
Early literacy development
Third phase of literacy learning, typically occurring between 36-38m
Includes:
- understanding words are groups of letters that have meaning in written and spoken form
- inventive spelling
- echo reading
- letter and word recognition
- rules of language
Implicit memory
Automatic retrieval of motor or cognitive information required to perform actions
Episodic memory
Type of declarative long term memory associated with retrieval of personal information
Preservation
Thinking or talking about the same thing repeatedly without ability to independently redirect
Reading literacy: phonological memory
A skill that involves the ability to remember information presented auditorily for a small amount of time
A child must be able to recall information long enough in order to process it, use it, and store it in long term memory for future use.
Stereopsis
The ability to see 3D objects and perceive depth
May be impaired by monocular vision or strabismus
Language decoding
An early literacy skill of developing letter-sound relationships and an understanding that when combined, letters and sounds create words
Procedural memory
Type of long term memory associated with knowing how to perform learned skills and actions
Retrieval
Stage of memory where the brain searches for and recalls relevant information
Associated with the frontal lobe
What is executive function?
Higher order cognitive skills
- sequencing
- self awareness
- planning
- organizing
- evaluating
Cognitive flexibility
- knowing how to adapt to situations
Decision making
- financial (are you getting a good deal, forward planning)
Ability to regulate emotion
Feedback utilization
Self perception
Metacognition
Knowing what you know and what you don’t know
Self awareness of your intellect
Stage 1 Alzheimer’s
Normal behavior with no impairment
No noticeable symptoms or problems
Stage 2 Alzheimer’s
Very mild decline or changes
Minor memory problems may appear, like forgetfulness, which may also be due to normal aging
Stage 3 Alzheimer’s
Mild decline
Mild cognitive and physical impairments may become noticeable, like cognitive problems, decreased attention, and memory
Stage 4 Alzheimer’s
Moderate decline
May experience impairment in the ability to perform daily tasks
Stage 5 Alzheimer’s
Moderately severe decline
Symptoms may become moderate to severe, the pt may require help and support from caregivers in daily activities
Stage 6 Alzheimer’s
Severe decline
May need continuous supervision with basic tasks, like wearing clothes or eating
Stage 7 Alzheimer’s
Very severe decline
May lose ability to communicate and may need constant assistance
Lewy body dementia
Often confused with Alzheimer’s
Caused by a build up of lewy body proteins in the brain which can be definitively diagnosed
Memory vs attention and visual perceptions
Much wider swings of “bad days”
- Episodes of extreme confusion
- Zoning out
Vascular dementia
Caused by:
- untreated HBP
- diabetes
- high cholesterol
- heart disease
Symptoms:
- confusion and agitation
- unsteady gait
- memory problems
- urinary issues
- night wandering
- decline in ability to organize thoughts/actions
- difficulty planning
- poor attention
Can be reversed if caught early enough. If damage is caused by infarction, it’s nonreversible, but future incidents can be controlled.
Parkinson’s disease dementia
Quick/dramatic progression
Symptoms come and go
Hallucinations usually caused by meds for Parkinson’s
Festinating/ shuffling gate
Symptoms
- memory loss
- anxiety/depression
- hallucinations
- slow blinking
- drooling
- difficulty swallowing
- temors
- loss of FM
- problems with balance
Frontotemporal dementia
Basically they become jerks
Symptoms:
- disinhibition
- poor insight/judgement
- loss of social graces
- perseverative behaviors
- apathy
Apathy syndrome
Disengaging from enjoyable activities
Relying on others for daily tasks
No positive or negative emotions
Difference between sign and symptom
Symptom: what the patient reports (subjective)
Sign: can be objectively measured; hard neurological signs
Hallucination vs Delusion
Hallucinations involve hearing, seeing, smelling, or feeling things that are not really there.
Delusions are false beliefs that the person thinks are real.
Stages of learning in the adult
- Cognitive of acquisition stage
- New learning, lots of errors, inconsistent, needs repetition and feedback - Retention
- Recognition of the new skill, that they are doing it better nor not improving - Associative stage or transfer
- Skill refinement, decreased errors, learning based on past performance
- Same skill in different places - Autonomous stage or generalization
- Retains the skill, uses it functionally, transferred to other setting
Hierarchy of Cognition
- attention, drive, arousal
- information processing
- integration, learning, and memory
- problem-solving, anticipation, goal-setting
- self-monitoring
Retrograde memory
Memory prior to incident
Anterograde memory
Memory status after the incident
