Cognition

Question 1

Reading literacy: reading readiness

Answer 1

A skill that involves combining the understanding of alphabet knowledge, print concepts, memory, vocabulary, and phonological awareness in order to begin learning to read

Question 2

Semantic memory

Answer 2

Type of declarative long-term memory associated with the retrieval of common knowledge, including vocabulary and general facts

Question 3

Explicit memory

Answer 3

Purposeful retrieval of experiences and factual information about everyday events

Two types: episodic and semantic

Question 4

Conventional literacy development

Answer 4

Last phase of literacy learning, typically occurring between 48-60m

Includes combining skills (fluency, decoding, comprehension, oral reading, spelling, and writing sentences) into writing and reading

Question 5

Prospective memory

Answer 5

Type of memory associated with remembering to perform an action or event planed for a future date

Question 6

Reading literacy: rapid naming of digits and letters

Answer 6

A skill required for reading literacy that involves the ability to quickly name groups of letters and numbers in the order presented without context

E.g. When presented with a written phone number, a child would be able to quickly name the numbers listed

Question 7

Preliteracy development

Answer 7

First phase of literacy learning, occurring B-15m, including precursor skills such as:
- joint attention
- social reciprocity
- pointing
- looking at a communicating partner
- handling books

Question 8

Emergent literacy development

Answer 8

Secondary phase of literacy learning, typically occurring between 12-42m:
- first spoken words (requesting or gaining attention)
- comprehension of language borth through auditory and visual channels
- vocabulary building

Question 9

Encoding

Answer 9

Stage of memory where the brain processes details of information to be remembered

Associated with language areas, frontal lobes, and visual system.

Question 10

What are the stages of memory?

Answer 10

Encoding
Storage
Retreival

Question 11

What are the types of long term memory?

Answer 11

Episodic
Semantic
Procedural

Question 12

Ideational apraxia

Answer 12

Neurobehavioral deficit characterized by the ability to correctly use an everyday tool or object for its intended purpose

Question 13

Early literacy development

Answer 13

Third phase of literacy learning, typically occurring between 36-38m

Includes:
- understanding words are groups of letters that have meaning in written and spoken form
- inventive spelling
- echo reading
- letter and word recognition
- rules of language

Question 14

Implicit memory

Answer 14

Automatic retrieval of motor or cognitive information required to perform actions

Question 15

Episodic memory

Answer 15

Type of declarative long term memory associated with retrieval of personal information

Question 16

Preservation

Answer 16

Thinking or talking about the same thing repeatedly without ability to independently redirect

Question 17

Reading literacy: phonological memory

Answer 17

A skill that involves the ability to remember information presented auditorily for a small amount of time

A child must be able to recall information long enough in order to process it, use it, and store it in long term memory for future use.

Question 18

Stereopsis

Answer 18

The ability to see 3D objects and perceive depth

May be impaired by monocular vision or strabismus

Question 19

Language decoding

Answer 19

An early literacy skill of developing letter-sound relationships and an understanding that when combined, letters and sounds create words

Question 20

Procedural memory

Answer 20

Type of long term memory associated with knowing how to perform learned skills and actions

Question 21

Retrieval

Answer 21

Stage of memory where the brain searches for and recalls relevant information

Associated with the frontal lobe

Question 22

What is executive function?

Answer 22

Higher order cognitive skills
- sequencing
- self awareness
- planning
- organizing
- evaluating
Cognitive flexibility
- knowing how to adapt to situations
Decision making
- financial (are you getting a good deal, forward planning)
Ability to regulate emotion
Feedback utilization
Self perception

Question 23

Metacognition

Answer 23

Knowing what you know and what you don’t know
Self awareness of your intellect

Question 24

Stage 1 Alzheimer’s

Answer 24

Normal behavior with no impairment
No noticeable symptoms or problems

Question 25

Stage 2 Alzheimer’s

Answer 25

Very mild decline or changes
Minor memory problems may appear, like forgetfulness, which may also be due to normal aging

Question 26

Stage 3 Alzheimer’s

Answer 26

Mild decline
Mild cognitive and physical impairments may become noticeable, like cognitive problems, decreased attention, and memory

Question 27

Stage 4 Alzheimer’s

Answer 27

Moderate decline
May experience impairment in the ability to perform daily tasks

Question 28

Stage 5 Alzheimer’s

Answer 28

Moderately severe decline
Symptoms may become moderate to severe, the pt may require help and support from caregivers in daily activities

Question 29

Stage 6 Alzheimer’s

Answer 29

Severe decline
May need continuous supervision with basic tasks, like wearing clothes or eating

Question 30

Stage 7 Alzheimer’s

Answer 30

Very severe decline
May lose ability to communicate and may need constant assistance

Question 31

Lewy body dementia

Answer 31

Often confused with Alzheimer’s
Caused by a build up of lewy body proteins in the brain which can be definitively diagnosed
Memory vs attention and visual perceptions
Much wider swings of “bad days”
- Episodes of extreme confusion
- Zoning out

Question 32

Vascular dementia

Answer 32

Caused by:
- untreated HBP
- diabetes
- high cholesterol
- heart disease

Symptoms:
- confusion and agitation
- unsteady gait
- memory problems
- urinary issues
- night wandering
- decline in ability to organize thoughts/actions
- difficulty planning
- poor attention

Can be reversed if caught early enough. If damage is caused by infarction, it’s nonreversible, but future incidents can be controlled.

Question 33

Parkinson’s disease dementia

Answer 33

Quick/dramatic progression
Symptoms come and go
Hallucinations usually caused by meds for Parkinson’s
Festinating/ shuffling gate

Symptoms
- memory loss
- anxiety/depression
- hallucinations
- slow blinking
- drooling
- difficulty swallowing
- temors
- loss of FM
- problems with balance

Question 34

Frontotemporal dementia

Answer 34

Basically they become jerks
Symptoms:
- disinhibition
- poor insight/judgement
- loss of social graces
- perseverative behaviors
- apathy

Question 35

Apathy syndrome

Answer 35

Disengaging from enjoyable activities
Relying on others for daily tasks
No positive or negative emotions

Question 36

Difference between sign and symptom

Answer 36

Symptom: what the patient reports (subjective)
Sign: can be objectively measured; hard neurological signs

Question 37

Hallucination vs Delusion

Answer 37

Hallucinations involve hearing, seeing, smelling, or feeling things that are not really there.
Delusions are false beliefs that the person thinks are real.

Question 38

Stages of learning in the adult

Answer 38

1. Cognitive of acquisition stage
   - New learning, lots of errors, inconsistent, needs repetition and feedback
2. Retention
   - Recognition of the new skill, that they are doing it better nor not improving
3. Associative stage or transfer
   - Skill refinement, decreased errors, learning based on past performance
   - Same skill in different places
4. Autonomous stage or generalization
   - Retains the skill, uses it functionally, transferred to other setting

Question 39

Hierarchy of Cognition

Answer 39

1. attention, drive, arousal
2. information processing
3. integration, learning, and memory
4. problem-solving, anticipation, goal-setting
5. self-monitoring

Question 40

Retrograde memory

Answer 40

Memory prior to incident

Question 41

Anterograde memory

Answer 41

Memory status after the incident