Vision

Question 1

What is the general process of sensation?

Answer 1

1) Stimuli in the environment impinge on a sensory receptor ( reception)
2) The sensory receptor alters its membrane potential in response (transduction)

Question 2

Light

Answer 2

electromagnetic radiation travelling in waves

Question 3

Wavelength

Answer 3

horizontal distance b/t 2 consecutive troughs/crests

Question 4

Amplitude

Answer 4

vertical distance/height b/t the tip of a crest and the wave’s central axis

Question 5

Frequency

Answer 5

the number of full wavelengths that pass by a given point in space every second

Question 6

What is the physical component of hue?

Answer 6

wavelength/frequency

Question 7

What is the physical component of brightness?

Answer 7

intensity/amplitude

Question 8

What is the physical component of saturation?

Answer 8

purity

Question 9

Hue

Answer 9

the visible spectrum and colors that we can name

Question 10

Brightness

Answer 10

relative lightness or darkness of a particular color

Question 11

Saturation

Answer 11

relative purity of light being perceived

Question 12

Extraocular muscles

Answer 12

allow for the movement of the eyes

Question 13

Movement: Vergence

Answer 13

cooperative movement that keeps both eyes on the same target

Question 14

Movement: Saccadic

Answer 14

jerky movements as the gaze shifts abruptly

Question 15

Movement: Pursuit

Answer 15

smoother movements that the eyes can make while following something

Question 16

Sclera

Answer 16

white outer layer of most of the eye

Question 17

Cornea

Answer 17

outer layer at the front of the eye

Question 18

Iris

Answer 18

Pigmented ring of muscles behind the cornea

Question 19

pupil

Answer 19

opening of the iris

Question 20

Conjunctiva

Answer 20

mucous membrane that lines eyelid and folds back to attach to the eye

Question 21

lens

Answer 21

series of transparent, onion-like layers

Question 22

Ciliary muscles

Answer 22

change the shape of the lens through contractions

Question 23

optic disk

Answer 23

where visual info axons gather and leave the eye via the optic nerve

Question 24

Retina

Answer 24

inner lining of the eye

Question 25

fovea

Answer 25

central region of the retina; where visual activity is the highest

Question 26

Vitreous Humor

Answer 26

clear, gelatinous substance in the eye

Question 27

Retina layers

Answer 27

eye, ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, photoreceptive layer

Question 28

Bipolar cell layer

Answer 28

has bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells

Question 29

Photoreceptive layer

Answer 29

has rods and cones

Question 30

Transduction

Answer 30

1) light comes in through the cornea and pupil and hits the lens, the lens focuses the light and projects it onto retina. 2) photoreceptors receive the light information and spread info to the bipolar cells then the ganglion cells 3)the ganglion cells generate action potentials 4) the axons of all the ganglion cells weave together to form the optic nerve 5) optic nerve leaves the back of the eye and carries impulses to the thalamus and the to the brain's visual cortex

Question 31

rods (7 things)

Answer 31

useful in lowlight conditions; monochromatic information; more sensitive to light; in the periphery; lots in the retina; many rods may connect to one ganglion cell

Question 32

cones

Answer 32

fine detail and color; red green and blue sensitive; fewer cones in the retina; each cone connects to one ganglion cell

Question 33

photoreceptors

Answer 33

absorb light;

Question 34

Photopigments two parts

Answer 34

opsin (a protein) and retinal (a lipid)

Question 35

Receptive field: fovea

Answer 35

provides more acute visual information, one-to-one ganglion cells and cones

Question 36

Receptive field: periphery

Answer 36

many receptors converge on a single ganglion cell; less precise

Question 37

How are stimuli conveyed through the brain?

Answer 37

Through the optic nerves

Question 38

Information from the inner retina does what?

Answer 38

crosses the optic chiasm and and ascends to the opposite side of the brain

Question 39

Information from the outer retina does what?

Answer 39

remains on the same side of the brain