Human Communication Flashcards
Communication
information transformed between individuals
Language
the most sophisticated form of communication. A set of arbitrary sounds, tokens, or symbols that convey information or concepts
Two main components of language
production and comprehension
Language lateralization: Where is verbal behavior mostly?
In the left hemisphere
Lang Lat.: what hemispheres hear and understand incoming information?
Both hemispheres
What percent of right handed people are left-hemisphere dominated for speech?
92%
Verbal behavior is
a lateralized function
Language disturbances occur after damage to what side of the brain?
Left
Components of language production
Conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring
What do we use to recognize the incoming information?
visual and auditory systems
Brocca’s work
Speech production
Wernicke’s work
language comprehension, conduction aphasia
Wernicke-Gershwin model
Early model for understanding how speech is produced in humans
7 components of the Wernicke-gershwin model
primary vistal cortex, angular gyrus, primary auditory cortex, wernicke’s area, brocca’s area, and the primary motor cortex
prosody
Patterns of stress and intonations used in speech.
illustrated by punctuation when writing
Prosodic disruption can occur in language disorders
Voice recognition
elements of someone’s voice can help us with recognizing who someone is and guess their age
Phoagnosia
Difficulty recognizing voices; usually the result of very focal damage in the right hemisphere
Aphasia
A disturbance in comprehension r production of language
Broca’s aphasia
caused by damage to the broca’s area
2) A disorder of speech production
3)better language comprehension than production
4) people use few function words(a, the, in, etc.), mainly content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
Broca’s aphasia comes with three major deficits
Agrammatism, anomia, and apraxia
Agrammatism
difficulty with basic grammar and syntax
Anomia
inability to retrieve known words; trouble with naming objects
Apraxia
Impairment in ability to program movements to produce speech
Wernicke’s aphasia
a fluent aphasia caused by damage to the Wernicke’s area
2)deficits in spoken word recognition
3)poor language comprehension-can’t grasp meaning of words/sentences
4) speech is fluid and unlabored, but meaningless
Pure word deafness
Can’t understand words, but not deaf
2)speech unaffected, can read and write
3)considered a form of W’s aphasia
4) caused by damage to the left temporal lobe
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Can’t understand meaning of words, but can repeat them.
2)caused by damage to the posterior damage area
Conduction Aphasia
Caused by damage to the white matter beneath the parietal lobe superior to the lateral fissure
2)characterized by deficits in the oral repetition of words or sentences
3) comprehension, speech fluency and naming are intact
Anomic Aphasia
caused by damage to various parts of the parietal and temporal lobe
2) relatively preserved speech and comprehension, but word-finding difficulties
3) mildest of aphasias
Pure alexia
loss of ability to read without loss of writing
2) can recognize words spelled out loud, lost memories of spellings of the word
3) perceptual disorder
4) caused by lesions that prevent visual information from reaching the association cortex of the left hemisphere
Whole-word reading
direct recognition of a word as a whole; being able to recognize and pronounce familiar words that we’ve learned
Phonetic reading
Sounding out words by letter; used for acquisition of unfamiliar words and requires recognition of individual letters
Surface dyslexia
deficit in whole-word reading
2) surface refers to how people with this disorder make errors related to the visual appearance of the words and to pronunciation rules, but not to the meaning of words.
3) patients must sound out words.
4) regular spelling (Cat) ok, but irregular (yacht) is much more difficult
5) associated with dysfunction in the visual word form area in the brain
phonological dyslexia
symptoms opposite of surface dyslexia; can read whole word, but can’t sound it out
2) familiar words are ok, but problems with unfamiliar words
3)associated with dysfunction in visual word form area
4
Direct dyslexia
can rea aloud, even if can’t understand the words they’re saying
2) like transcortical sensory aphasia, except the words are written
3) associated with dysfunction in the left frontal lobe and the left temporal lobe
Writing
depends on knowledge of words that are to be written along with proper grammar
Brain regions associated with writing
dorsal parietal, primary motor cortex, and premotor cortex
Processes involved in writing
Audition, visual, memorization, and motor memory
Phonological dysgraphia
writing disorder where person can’t sound out words and write them phonetically
2) can’t write unfamiliar words or pronounce new words
3) can imagine familiar words and write them
4) caused by damage to regions of the brain involved in phonological processing and articulation (Brocca’s, ventral, precentral gyrus, and insula)
orthographic dysgraphia
a writing disorder where you can sound out and spell regularly spelled words, but not irregularly spelled ones
2) a disorder of visually based writing
3) caused by damage to visual word form area/the posterior inferior temporal cortex
