Human Communication

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

information transformed between individuals

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

the most sophisticated form of communication. A set of arbitrary sounds, tokens, or symbols that convey information or concepts

Question 3

Two main components of language

Answer 3

production and comprehension

Question 4

Language lateralization: Where is verbal behavior mostly?

Answer 4

In the left hemisphere

Question 5

Lang Lat.: what hemispheres hear and understand incoming information?

Answer 5

Both hemispheres

Question 6

What percent of right handed people are left-hemisphere dominated for speech?

Answer 6

92%

Question 7

Verbal behavior is

Answer 7

a lateralized function

Question 8

Language disturbances occur after damage to what side of the brain?

Answer 8

Left

Question 9

Components of language production

Answer 9

Conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring

Question 10

What do we use to recognize the incoming information?

Answer 10

visual and auditory systems

Question 11

Brocca’s work

Answer 11

Speech production

Question 12

Wernicke’s work

Answer 12

language comprehension, conduction aphasia

Question 13

Wernicke-Gershwin model

Answer 13

Early model for understanding how speech is produced in humans

Question 14

7 components of the Wernicke-gershwin model

Answer 14

primary vistal cortex, angular gyrus, primary auditory cortex, wernicke’s area, brocca’s area, and the primary motor cortex

Question 15

prosody

Answer 15

Patterns of stress and intonations used in speech.
illustrated by punctuation when writing
Prosodic disruption can occur in language disorders

Question 16

Voice recognition

Answer 16

elements of someone’s voice can help us with recognizing who someone is and guess their age

Question 17

Phoagnosia

Answer 17

Difficulty recognizing voices; usually the result of very focal damage in the right hemisphere

Question 18

Aphasia

Answer 18

A disturbance in comprehension r production of language

Question 19

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 19

caused by damage to the broca’s area
2) A disorder of speech production
3)better language comprehension than production
4) people use few function words(a, the, in, etc.), mainly content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives)

Question 20

Broca’s aphasia comes with three major deficits

Answer 20

Agrammatism, anomia, and apraxia

Question 21

Agrammatism

Answer 21

difficulty with basic grammar and syntax

Question 22

Anomia

Answer 22

inability to retrieve known words; trouble with naming objects

Question 23

Apraxia

Answer 23

Impairment in ability to program movements to produce speech

Question 24

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 24

a fluent aphasia caused by damage to the Wernicke’s area
2)deficits in spoken word recognition
3)poor language comprehension-can’t grasp meaning of words/sentences
4) speech is fluid and unlabored, but meaningless

Question 25

Pure word deafness

Answer 25

Can’t understand words, but not deaf
2)speech unaffected, can read and write
3)considered a form of W’s aphasia
4) caused by damage to the left temporal lobe

Question 26

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 26

Can’t understand meaning of words, but can repeat them.
2)caused by damage to the posterior damage area

Question 27

Conduction Aphasia

Answer 27

Caused by damage to the white matter beneath the parietal lobe superior to the lateral fissure
2)characterized by deficits in the oral repetition of words or sentences
3) comprehension, speech fluency and naming are intact

Question 28

Anomic Aphasia

Answer 28

caused by damage to various parts of the parietal and temporal lobe
2) relatively preserved speech and comprehension, but word-finding difficulties
3) mildest of aphasias

Question 29

Pure alexia

Answer 29

loss of ability to read without loss of writing
2) can recognize words spelled out loud, lost memories of spellings of the word
3) perceptual disorder
4) caused by lesions that prevent visual information from reaching the association cortex of the left hemisphere

Question 30

Whole-word reading

Answer 30

direct recognition of a word as a whole; being able to recognize and pronounce familiar words that we’ve learned

Question 31

Phonetic reading

Answer 31

Sounding out words by letter; used for acquisition of unfamiliar words and requires recognition of individual letters

Question 32

Surface dyslexia

Answer 32

deficit in whole-word reading
2) surface refers to how people with this disorder make errors related to the visual appearance of the words and to pronunciation rules, but not to the meaning of words.
3) patients must sound out words.
4) regular spelling (Cat) ok, but irregular (yacht) is much more difficult
5) associated with dysfunction in the visual word form area in the brain

Question 33

phonological dyslexia

Answer 33

symptoms opposite of surface dyslexia; can read whole word, but can’t sound it out
2) familiar words are ok, but problems with unfamiliar words
3)associated with dysfunction in visual word form area
4

Question 34

Direct dyslexia

Answer 34

can rea aloud, even if can’t understand the words they’re saying
2) like transcortical sensory aphasia, except the words are written
3) associated with dysfunction in the left frontal lobe and the left temporal lobe

Question 35

Writing

Answer 35

depends on knowledge of words that are to be written along with proper grammar

Question 36

Brain regions associated with writing

Answer 36

dorsal parietal, primary motor cortex, and premotor cortex

Question 37

Processes involved in writing

Answer 37

Audition, visual, memorization, and motor memory

Question 38

Phonological dysgraphia

Answer 38

writing disorder where person can’t sound out words and write them phonetically
2) can’t write unfamiliar words or pronounce new words
3) can imagine familiar words and write them
4) caused by damage to regions of the brain involved in phonological processing and articulation (Brocca’s, ventral, precentral gyrus, and insula)

Question 39

orthographic dysgraphia

Answer 39

a writing disorder where you can sound out and spell regularly spelled words, but not irregularly spelled ones
2) a disorder of visually based writing
3) caused by damage to visual word form area/the posterior inferior temporal cortex