Sound

Question 1

3 primary functions of hearing

Answer 1

detecting sound, determining the locations, and recognizing the identity

Question 2

Sound

Answer 2

results from waves of alternating compressing and rarifying air molecules that are produced by a vibrating source

Question 3

What is the perceptual dimension associated with amplitude?

Answer 3

loudness

Question 4

What is the perceptual dimension associated with frequency?

Answer 4

pitch

Question 5

What is the perceptual dimension associated with complexity?

Answer 5

Timbre

Question 6

outer ear

Answer 6

funnels sound into ear; emphasizes different aspects of sound spectrum based on location

Question 7

Middle ear

Answer 7

transfers air sound waves into liquid sound waves

Question 8

Inner ear

Answer 8

contains receptor cells that transduce sound waves into graded potentials

Question 9

Outer ear: Pinna

Answer 9

Visible portion, captures sound waves

Question 10

Outer: Tympanic membrane

Answer 10

thin flap of skin that divides outer and middle ear. Vibrates and moves tiny bones in mid ear and to send into the rest of the ear

Question 11

Outer: ossicles

Answer 11

tiny bones that vibrate by the eardrum

Question 12

3 ossicles

Answer 12

malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and oval window

Question 13

Malleus (hammer)

Answer 13

connects with eardrum and transmits vibrations via incus

Question 14

Incus (anvil)

Answer 14

transmits vibrations through the oval window to the cochlea

Question 15

Oval window

Answer 15

opening in bone surrounding the cochlea

Question 16

Inner: cochlea

Answer 16

snail-shaped structure filled with fluid. Sound is transferred to liquid medium

Question 17

Inner: cochlea: organ of corti

Answer 17

hair cells, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane

Question 18

Organ of coti: hair cells

Answer 18

auditory receptor cells; anchored to basilar membrane ; contain cilia

Question 19

Organ of coti: basilar membrane

Answer 19

elastic portion running throughout cochlea that splits cochlea into upper and lower part

Question 20

Path of soundwaves into the brain

Answer 20

1)Sound waves enter outer ear, the ear canal, and the eardrum
2) eardrum vibrates and vibrates bones in the mid ear
3) bones in the mid ear amplify the vibrations and send to the cochlea
4) transduction converses sound waves into electrical impulses

Question 21

Transduction of hearing

Answer 21

1) vibes cause fluid in cochlea to ripple. Hair cells ride the wave
2) hair cells move causing cilia to bend. Bending causes channels to open which triggers an AP
3) auditory nerve carries electrical signal to the brain, brain recognizes it

Question 22

Tonotopic representation

Answer 22

different parts of the membrane respond best to different frequencies. High frequencies at base of b.membrane and low frequencies at the apex

Question 23

place coding

Answer 23

for high to moderate pitches. pitch is determined by firing of hair cells at specific locations of the b.membrane

Question 24

rate coding

Answer 24

for lower pitches. Pitch is determined by rate of AP’s from hair cells

Question 25

Perception of timbre is determined by

Answer 25

fundamental frequency, overtones, and perception of spatial location

Question 26

Perception of pitch is determined by

Answer 26

place and rate coding

Question 27

Fundamental frequency

Answer 27

corresponds to pitch of a note

Question 28

Overtones

Answer 28

frequency of complex tones that occur at multiple of the fundamental frequency

Question 29

Phase differences

Answer 29

the difference in time of an arrival of sound waves in each eardrum.

Question 30

From ear to brain

Answer 30

1)sound enters from auditory rene and synapses neurons in cochlear nuclei at the level of the brainstem
2)axons cross over to other side of brain, synapsing on the superior olivary nuclei at the level of the brainstem before passing through the lat lemniscus to continue onto the inferior colliculi in the midbrain
3) sound relayed to medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and then onto the primary auditory cortex

Question 31

Perception

Answer 31

dorsal and ventral streams

Question 32

Dorsal stream

Answer 32

sound localization (where)

Question 33

Ventral stream

Answer 33

analysis of complex sounds (what)

Question 34

Auditory agnosia

Answer 34

inability to recognize familiar sounds despite normal hearing of tones

Question 35

Amusica agnosia

Answer 35

inability to perceive or produce melodic or rhythmic aspects of music

Question 36

Pure word deafness

Answer 36

cant comprehend spoken word, normal hearing otherwise

Question 37

Cortical deafness

Answer 37

inability to interpret sound despite normal responses to sudden sound

Question 38

Vestibular system

Answer 38

balance, maintains head upright, adjustment of eye movement to compensate for head movement

Question 39

vestibular sacs

Answer 39

respond to force of gravity and inform the brain about the heads orientation

Question 40

Semi-circular canals

Answer 40

respond to changes in rotation of head