Psychopharmacology

Question 1

Psychopharmacology

Answer 1

A field interested in studying the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behaviors

Question 2

Drug

Answer 2

an exogenous chemical not necessary for normal cellular function that significantly alters the functions of the certain cells of the body when taken in relatively low doses

Question 3

pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

studies how drugs move through the entire body and process the chemicals

Question 4

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 4

studies how drugs change the body

Question 5

What does pharmacodynamics cover?

Answer 5

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 6

oral administration

Answer 6

most common, broken down by stomach acid, some drugs destroyed this way (insulin)

Question 7

Sublingual administration

Answer 7

placed under tongue and dissolved, absorbed by capillaries that supply mucous membrane of mouth

Question 8

intrarectal administration

Answer 8

into rectum, most common for drugs that upset the stomach

Question 9

inhalation

Answer 9

vaporous substance into lungs; route from lungs to brain is short, so drugs have rapid effects

Question 10

Topical administration

Answer 10

directly onto skin or through mucous membrane of nose

Question 11

Subcutaneous injections

Answer 11

into space beneath skin, useful if small amount is needed

Question 12

IV

Answer 12

directly into vein, fastest route. entire dose releases into bloodstream instantly.

Question 13

Intraparietal injection

Answer 13

into the parietal cavity

Question 14

Intramuscular injection

Answer 14

directly into a muscle

Question 15

intracerebral injection

Answer 15

injected directly into brain. used when the med cant cross the BBB

Question 16

Intracellular ventricular injection

Answer 16

into one of the cerebral ventricles; widespread distribution of a drug throughout brain.

Question 17

What is the speed of absorption based on?

Answer 17

The route of administration and lipid solubility

Question 18

Where are most drug cites of action located?

Answer 18

the central nervous system

Question 19

Enzymes

Answer 19

deactivate drugs. proteins that act as a catalyst to accelerate chemical reactions, found primarily in the liver

Question 20

what does pharmacodynamics cover?

Answer 20

drug effectiveness, reuptake or destruction of NT’s, production, storage, and ligand and receptor binding

Question 21

Dose response curves

Answer 21

a graph of the magnitude of the drug effect based on the amount of the drug

Question 22

Why does drug effectiveness vary?

Answer 22

drugs vary in their affinity, with their sites of action. placebo effect , repeated administration

Question 23

Drug affinity

Answer 23

the extent to which a drug binds to receptors

Question 24

Placebo

Answer 24

an innocuous substance with no specific effect

Question 25

Nocebo

Answer 25

negative expectations lead to a negative outcome

Question 26

Tolerance

Answer 26

decreases the effectiveness of the drug

Question 27

sensitization

Answer 27

increases the effectiveness of the drug

Question 28

compensatory mechanisms

Answer 28

decrease in the effectiveness of binding to receptors. (reduced affinity or fewer receptors) A process that couples the receptors to ion channels in the membrane or to the production of second messengers (the second messengers become less effective)

Question 29

Agonists

Answer 29

facilitate postsynaptic effects

Question 30

Antagonists

Answer 30

block or inhibit postsynaptic effects

Question 31

The agonistic effect

Answer 31

binds with proteins and directly triggers the release of a NT (increases

Question 32

The antagonistic effect

Answer 32

The drug blocks the transporter molecules from filling the synaptic vesicles. The vesicles remain empty and nothing is released. This prevents the release of a NT

Question 33

A direct agonist

Answer 33

the drug mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter

Question 34

A direct antagonist

Answer 34

the drug binds with the postsynaptic receptor, but does not open the ion channel

Question 35

An indirect agonist

Answer 35

facilitates the opening of an ion channel

Question 36

An indirect antagonist

Answer 36

prevents the ion channel from opening

Question 37

Noncompetitive binding site

Answer 37

The drug binds to one site, but still allows another NT to bind to another site