Emotion

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

Subjective mental states; positive or negative reactions

Question 2

Elkman’s Primary emotions: universality of facial expression

Answer 2

people of different cultures make their similar facial expressions in similar situations
2)New Guinea tribe members recognized western facial expressions and vice versa

Question 3

6 primary emotions

Answer 3

fear, anger, happiness, surprise, sadness, and disgust

Question 4

Emotion Expression

Answer 4

hard to fake; involuntary and autonomic

Question 5

Which hemisphere plays a more significant role for expression of emotions

Answer 5

the right

Question 6

How do we communicate emotions

Answer 6

postural changes, facial expressions, nonverbal sounds, and verbally

Question 7

Facial expressions are thought to be

Answer 7

innate; studies of blind children support this

Question 8

What are the components of emotional responses

Answer 8

behavioral, autonomic, hormonal

Question 9

Emotion response: behavioral

Answer 9

muscle movements that are appropriate to the situations that elicit them
Ex: dog adopting posture and growling to defend against intruder

Question 10

Emotion response: autonomic

Answer 10

Facilitates behaviors and provides quick mobilization of energy for movement
ex: increased activity of sympathetic nervous system to get heart rate increased

Question 11

Emotion response: hormonal

Answer 11

reinforces autonomic response

Question 12

Hormones vs NT’s

Answer 12

both are chemical messengers; hormones are secreted by glands and work on long distances through the bloodstream (slow and long lasting)
NT’s act locally through synaptic transmission (fast)

Question 13

Folk psychology theory of emotions

Answer 13

The feeling triggers an autonomic reaction (Stimulus, perception, emotion experienced, pattern of autonomic arousal)

Question 14

James Lange theory of emotions

Answer 14

The autonomic reaction triggers a feeling (stimulus, perception, pattern of autonomic arousal, emotional response)

Question 15

Cannon-bard theory of emotions

Answer 15

The feeling and autonomic reaction happens at the same time

Question 16

Role of the limbic system in the expression of emotion

Answer 16

The amygdala deals with emotional expression

Question 17

Lateral nucleus of amygdala

Answer 17

Involved in producing a conditional response (pavlovian conditioning); recieves sensory information

Question 18

Central Nucleus of amygdala

Answer 18

produces fear-related behaviors, receives information from lateral nucleus

Question 19

basal nucleus of amygdala

Answer 19

receives information from central and lateral nuclei; projects information to prefrontal cortex

Question 20

What role does the limbic system play in the inhibition of emotion?

Answer 20

ventromedial prefrontal cortex matures much later in life during early adulthood. Plays an important role in making people see the negative consequences of their behavior.

Question 21

What part of the brain play an important role in emotion recognition?

Answer 21

The amygdala (lesions will impair the ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion) and the prefrontal cortex (Aids in recognition of emotions through meanings of words and tones of voice)

Question 22

affective blindsight

Answer 22

a disorder of emotion recognition; the ability to discriminate among different emotional stimuli in spite of the absence of conscious perception

Question 23

Patient SM

Answer 23

No amygdala since early childhood = no fear shown to fear/threat inducing situations

Question 24

volitional facial paresis

Answer 24

disorder of emotion expression; difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily

Question 25

emotional facial paresis

Answer 25

Disorder of emotion expression; lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions

Question 26

fear

Answer 26

adaptive emotional response coordinated by the nuclei of the amygdala. Some stimuli automatically activate the central nucleus of the amygdala and produce fear responses while some responses can be learned

Question 27

fear extinction

Answer 27

elimination of conditioned fear responses associated with a trauma

Question 28

aggression

Answer 28

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. Many behaviors related to reproduction and self defense

Question 29

threat behaviors

Answer 29

postures/gestures that warn adversaries

Question 30

defensive behaviors

Answer 30

threat behaviors or an actual attack against an animal threatening it

Question 31

submissive behaviors

Answer 31

behaviors that indicate that an animal accepts defeat, can prevent attack

Question 32

predation

Answer 32

attacking of another member of a species for food

Question 33

serotonin and aggression

Answer 33

serotonergic synapses inhibit aggression; agonists may decrease irritability and aggressiveness

Question 34

hormonal control of aggressive behaviors

Answer 34

androgens are the hormones related to reproduction and mating-related behaviors that facilitate aggression (Ex: testosterone)

Question 35

impulse control

Answer 35

impulsive violence is a consequence of faulty emotional regulation; most important brain part is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 36

Phineas Gage

Answer 36

vermont railroad worker that survived a severe brain injury that damages the vmPFC; caused socially inapropritate and high risk taking behavior

Question 37

how does brain development impact impulse control?

Answer 37

the amygdala matures early in development, but the PFC matures much later in life