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Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Human Papilloma Virus: what does it cause and what vaccine prevents infection from it?

A

Cause of warts and cervical cancer

Vaccine: Gardasil

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2
Q

Zika virus: what does it cause and is there a vaccine against it?

A 
Causes microcephaly and other fetal brain defects
No vaccine (yet)
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3
Q

Are viruses living? Do they have cells?

A

Viruses are acellular and non-living

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4
Q

What do viruses need to replicate?

A

Need to infect living cells to replicate

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5
Q

What do viruses depend on?

A

Host metabolism

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6
Q

What are viruses made up of?

A

Protein and nucleic acid

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7
Q

Are viruses complex or simple organisms?

A

Simple

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8
Q

Relative size of viruses

A

Nm

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9
Q

Parvovirus size

A

Small (3 genes)

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10
Q

Mimivirus size

A

Large (900 genes)

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11
Q

Virion

A

Complete virus particle

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12
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat around genome

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13
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Nucleic acid + capsid

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14
Q

Protomer

A

Protein subunit of capsid

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15
Q

Source of envelope for enveloped virus

A

Envelope is derived from infected cell’s membrane

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16
Q

Source of spike proteins in enveloped virus

A

Spikes are coded by virus

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17
Q

Helical morphology

A

Hollow tubes with protein walls

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18
Q

Example of helical virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus (infects plants)

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19
Q

Morphology of influenza

A

Helical, enveloped

Genome consists of 8 pieces of RNA

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20
Q

Icosahedral morphology components

A

20 triangular faces made up of ring-shaped units

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21
Q

Name of ring-shaped units in icosahedral morphology

A

Capsomers

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22
Q

Capsomers are made up of 5-6 _____.

A

Protomers

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23
Q

Advantage of icosahedral morphology

A

Efficient way to close a space

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24
Q

Binal symmetry: what is it, and what types of viruses display it?

A

Containing both helical and icosahedral components

Bacteriophages have binal symmetry

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25
Tegument proteins: where found in virus?
Tegument proteins are found between envelope and capsid
26
HIV: enveloped or non-enveloped virus?
Enveloped
27
What is the viral spike protein in HIV that binds to the T helper cell? What receptor and co-receptor are bound?
Spike protein: gp120 (gp stands for glycoprotein) Receptor: CD4 Co-receptor: CCR5
28
What enzyme is carried in HIV capsid, and what does it do?
Reverse transcriptase | Converts viral RNA into DNA
29
RNA replicase
Enzyme used by influenza for replication of its RNA
30
Neuraminidase
Influenza virus: cleaves host lipids and proteins to release virus Located on outside of envelope
31
Hemagglutinin
Influenza virus: binds to host sialic acid | Located on outside of envelope
32
Genome definition
All the genetic material in an organism
33
Viral genomes: which type of nucleic acid? Shape?
Can be DNA or RNA Single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds) Linear or circular
34
LTR region of retrovirus genome
Long terminal repeat | Located at either end of gene
35
gag region of retrovirus genome
Encodes capsid protein genes | Located between LTR and pol
36
pol region of retrovirus genome
Encodes polymerase protein genes, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease Located between gag and env
37
env region of retrovirus genome
Encodes envelope protein genes (spikes) | Located between pol and LTR
38
3 properties by which viruses are classified
``` Nucleic acid type (RNA or DNA) Capsid symmetry (icosahedral, helical, binal) Presence/absence of envelope ```
39
Steps of viral multiplication cycle
1. Attachment to host cell 2. Entry and uncoating 3. Synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids 4. Assembly of capsids 5. Release of virions
40
How influenza attaches to host cell
Hemagglutinin binds host's sialic acid
41
How HIV attaches to host cell
gp120 binds to CD4 and CCR5 on host's T cells
42
Tropism
Targeting of virus to specific tissue or organism
43
What is tropism mediated by?
Host receptors | Viral proteins/structure
44
2 methods of viral entry into host cells
Fusion | Endocytosis
45
Entry by fusion: what type of bacteria and how
Enveloped virus fuses with host plasma membrane
46
Entry by endocytosis: what type of bacteria and how
Naked viruses and some enveloped viruses | Capsid proteins engage host receptors, cell takes up virus through endosome
47
What happens after viral infection of host cell has occurred
1. Viral genome is replicated | 2. Viral mRNA is made, which is used to make viral proteins
48
DNA viruses: where they replicate, what machinery they use
Typically replicate in nucleus | Use host DNA polymerase
49
Exception to DNA viral replication: what machinery used
Herpes viruses use their own DNA polymerase
50
RNA viruses: where they replicate, what machinery they use
Typically replicate in cytoplasm | Use RNA replicases (RNA -> RNA)
51
Retroviruses: what machinery they use, how it works, and what happens to resulting genetic material
Use reverse transcriptase Copies RNA into DNA DNA copy becomes integrated into host chromosome
52
Synthesis of viral proteins: where occurs, what machinery is used
Translation occurs in cytoplasm | Proteins are made using host ribosomes
53
Latency
Occurs when viruses stop reproducing and enter a dormant stage in host cells
54
Can cells reactivate from latency?
Yes
55
2 methods of viral release
Lysis | Budding
56
How budding works
Membrane lipids surround capsid to form envelope
57
Viroids: what are they made of?
RNA only
58
Do viroids encode proteins? If not, what does their RNA do to host cells?
Viroids don't encode proteins | RNA pairs with host RNA, causing RNA silencing
59
Organisms infected by viroids
Avocado, tomato, palm
60
Prions: what are they?
Infectious proteins
61
Types of diseases caused by prions in humans
Neurodegenerative diseases: Kuru Creutzfeld-Jakob
62
Types of diseases caused by prions in animals
Neurodegenerative diseases: Chronic wasting disease (deer) Scrapie (sheep) Mad cow disease (cattle)

Microbiology (24 decks)

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