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Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Human Papilloma Virus: what does it cause and what vaccine prevents infection from it?

A

Cause of warts and cervical cancer

Vaccine: Gardasil

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2
Q

Zika virus: what does it cause and is there a vaccine against it?

A 
Causes microcephaly and other fetal brain defects
No vaccine (yet)
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3
Q

Are viruses living? Do they have cells?

A

Viruses are acellular and non-living

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4
Q

What do viruses need to replicate?

A

Need to infect living cells to replicate

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5
Q

What do viruses depend on?

A

Host metabolism

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6
Q

What are viruses made up of?

A

Protein and nucleic acid

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7
Q

Are viruses complex or simple organisms?

A

Simple

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8
Q

Relative size of viruses

A

Nm

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9
Q

Parvovirus size

A

Small (3 genes)

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10
Q

Mimivirus size

A

Large (900 genes)

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11
Q

Virion

A

Complete virus particle

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12
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat around genome

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13
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Nucleic acid + capsid

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14
Q

Protomer

A

Protein subunit of capsid

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15
Q

Source of envelope for enveloped virus

A

Envelope is derived from infected cell’s membrane

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16
Q

Source of spike proteins in enveloped virus

A

Spikes are coded by virus

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17
Q

Helical morphology

A

Hollow tubes with protein walls

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18
Q

Example of helical virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus (infects plants)

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19
Q

Morphology of influenza

A

Helical, enveloped

Genome consists of 8 pieces of RNA

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20
Q

Icosahedral morphology components

A

20 triangular faces made up of ring-shaped units

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21
Q

Name of ring-shaped units in icosahedral morphology

A

Capsomers

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22
Q

Capsomers are made up of 5-6 _____.

A

Protomers

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23
Q

Advantage of icosahedral morphology

A

Efficient way to close a space

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24
Q

Binal symmetry: what is it, and what types of viruses display it?

A

Containing both helical and icosahedral components

Bacteriophages have binal symmetry

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25
Q

Tegument proteins: where found in virus?

A

Tegument proteins are found between envelope and capsid

26
Q

HIV: enveloped or non-enveloped virus?

A

Enveloped

27
Q

What is the viral spike protein in HIV that binds to the T helper cell? What receptor and co-receptor are bound?

A

Spike protein: gp120 (gp stands for glycoprotein)
Receptor: CD4
Co-receptor: CCR5

28
Q

What enzyme is carried in HIV capsid, and what does it do?

A

Reverse transcriptase

Converts viral RNA into DNA

29
Q

RNA replicase

A

Enzyme used by influenza for replication of its RNA

30
Q

Neuraminidase

A

Influenza virus: cleaves host lipids and proteins to release virus
Located on outside of envelope

31
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

Influenza virus: binds to host sialic acid

Located on outside of envelope

32
Q

Genome definition

A

All the genetic material in an organism

33
Q

Viral genomes: which type of nucleic acid? Shape?

A

Can be DNA or RNA
Single stranded (ss) or double stranded (ds)
Linear or circular

34
Q

LTR region of retrovirus genome

A

Long terminal repeat

Located at either end of gene

35
Q

gag region of retrovirus genome

A

Encodes capsid protein genes

Located between LTR and pol

36
Q

pol region of retrovirus genome

A

Encodes polymerase protein genes, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
Located between gag and env

37
Q

env region of retrovirus genome

A

Encodes envelope protein genes (spikes)

Located between pol and LTR

38
Q

3 properties by which viruses are classified

A 
Nucleic acid type (RNA or DNA)
Capsid symmetry (icosahedral, helical, binal)
Presence/absence of envelope
39
Q

Steps of viral multiplication cycle

A
  1. Attachment to host cell
  2. Entry and uncoating
  3. Synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids
  4. Assembly of capsids
  5. Release of virions
40
Q

How influenza attaches to host cell

A

Hemagglutinin binds host’s sialic acid

41
Q

How HIV attaches to host cell

A

gp120 binds to CD4 and CCR5 on host’s T cells

42
Q

Tropism

A

Targeting of virus to specific tissue or organism

43
Q

What is tropism mediated by?

A

Host receptors

Viral proteins/structure

44
Q

2 methods of viral entry into host cells

A

Fusion

Endocytosis

45
Q

Entry by fusion: what type of bacteria and how

A

Enveloped virus fuses with host plasma membrane

46
Q

Entry by endocytosis: what type of bacteria and how

A

Naked viruses and some enveloped viruses

Capsid proteins engage host receptors, cell takes up virus through endosome

47
Q

What happens after viral infection of host cell has occurred

A
  1. Viral genome is replicated

2. Viral mRNA is made, which is used to make viral proteins

48
Q

DNA viruses: where they replicate, what machinery they use

A

Typically replicate in nucleus

Use host DNA polymerase

49
Q

Exception to DNA viral replication: what machinery used

A

Herpes viruses use their own DNA polymerase

50
Q

RNA viruses: where they replicate, what machinery they use

A

Typically replicate in cytoplasm

Use RNA replicases (RNA -> RNA)

51
Q

Retroviruses: what machinery they use, how it works, and what happens to resulting genetic material

A

Use reverse transcriptase
Copies RNA into DNA
DNA copy becomes integrated into host chromosome

52
Q

Synthesis of viral proteins: where occurs, what machinery is used

A

Translation occurs in cytoplasm

Proteins are made using host ribosomes

53
Q

Latency

A

Occurs when viruses stop reproducing and enter a dormant stage in host cells

54
Q

Can cells reactivate from latency?

A

Yes

55
Q

2 methods of viral release

A

Lysis

Budding

56
Q

How budding works

A

Membrane lipids surround capsid to form envelope

57
Q

Viroids: what are they made of?

A

RNA only

58
Q

Do viroids encode proteins? If not, what does their RNA do to host cells?

A

Viroids don’t encode proteins

RNA pairs with host RNA, causing RNA silencing

59
Q

Organisms infected by viroids

A

Avocado, tomato, palm

60
Q

Prions: what are they?

A

Infectious proteins

61
Q

Types of diseases caused by prions in humans

A

Neurodegenerative diseases:
Kuru
Creutzfeld-Jakob

62
Q

Types of diseases caused by prions in animals

A

Neurodegenerative diseases:
Chronic wasting disease (deer)
Scrapie (sheep)
Mad cow disease (cattle)

Microbiology (24 decks)

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