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Microbiology > Ecology and Environmental Microbiology > Flashcards

Ecology and Environmental Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbes are integral to ___ cycles that shape the environment of the earth and its oceans.

A

Biogeochemical

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2
Q

Biogeochemical cycling involves what type of reactions? These reactions change ____ and _____ characteristics of nutrients.

A

Redox

Chemical, physical

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3
Q

Redox reactions in biogeochemical cycling involves ____ electrons from one compound and ____ them to another

A

Removing

Attaching

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4
Q

Function of greenhouse gases

A

Trap heat in the atmosphere that is reflected from earth’s surface, rather than allowing it to radiate into space

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5
Q

When do greenhouse gases accumulate?

A

If the rate upon which they enter the atmosphere exceeds the rate that the natural carbon and nitrogen cycles can replace them

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6
Q

3 greenhouse gases

A 
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
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7
Q

Which greenhouse gas is the most abundant?

A

CO2

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8
Q

Which greenhouse gas has 25 times the global warming potential of CO2?

A

Methane

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9
Q

Microbial sources of CO2 (2)

A

Respiration, fermentation

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10
Q

Microbial source of methane

A

Methanogenesis

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11
Q

Microbial sources of nitrous oxide (2)

A

Nitrification

Denitrification

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12
Q

Carbon cycling: oxidized and reduced forms (2 each)

A

Oxidized: CO and CO2
Reduced: CH4, organic matter

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13
Q

What process fixes CO2 into biomass?

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

Microbes fix what percentage of the world’s carbon?

A

50%

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15
Q

Photosynthesis produces what 2 byproducts?

A

O2

Organic compounds

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16
Q

____ _____ produced by photosynthesis are oxidized back to _____ by ____ and ____.

A

Organic comounds
CO2
Respiration (glycolysis + TCA + electron transport)
Fermentation

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17
Q

Carbon cycle contains what 2 sub-cycles?

A

Aerobic

Anaerobic

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18
Q

Aerobic portion of carbon cycle: ____ is reduced to ____ ___ through ____ _____.

A

CO2
Organic matter
CO2 fixation

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19
Q

CO2 fixation is carried out by what type of metabolizers (energy, carbon)?

A

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

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20
Q

Aerobic portion of carbon cycle: ___ ___ is oxidized to ____ through ____ and _____.

A

Organic matter
CO2
Respiration
Fermentation

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21
Q

Anaerobic portion of carbon cycle: ____ is reduced to ____ by _____.

A

CO2
CH4
Methanogenesis

22
Q

Anaerobic portion of carbon cycle: ___ is oxidized to ____ by _____.

A

CH4
CO2
Methanotrophy

23
Q

What type of microbes carry out methanogenesis? What is methanogenesis?

A

Methanogens

Biological production of methane

24
Q

Microbes from what domain carry out methanogenesis? Can every type of microbe from this domain carry out this process, or only a few?

A

Archaea

Only a few

25
Q

How many tons of methane do Archaea generate per year?

A

Over 1 billion tons

26
Q

Some methanogens live in symbiosis with what 2 types of organisms?

A

Termites

Ruminants (animals with multichambered stomachs, like cows)

27
Q

Methanotrophs: some of what 2 domains of life? They use ____ as a source of ____, _____ it to _____.

A 
Archaea, bacteria
Methane 
Carbon
Oxidizing 
CO2
28
Q

3 stages of nitrogen cycle: forms of nitrogen and reactions creating them

A

Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is fixed by nitrogen fixation, yielding reduced NH4
NH4 is oxidized to NO3 by nitrification (NH4 -> NO2 -> NO3)
NO3 is reduced to N2 by denitrification

29
Q

What 2 organisms carry out nitrification? For the 2 organisms, what is the reaction each carries out?

A

Nitrosomonas: NH4 to NO2
Nitrobacter: NO2 to NO3

30
Q

Which organism carries out denitrification? What type of respiration is denitrification?

A

Paracoccus denitrificans

Anaerobic respiration

31
Q

What 2 organisms carry out nitrogen fixation?

A

Azotobacter

Anabaena

32
Q

What approach is taken to characterize microbial communities in humans or in nature?

A

Metagenomics

33
Q

Metagenomics involves analyzing what?

A

Genetic material derived from microbial communities

34
Q

Metagenomics can reveal _____ and ______ ______ of microbial communities.

A

Diversity

Metabolic potential

35
Q

Metagenomics: culture independent or dependent?

A

Culture independent

36
Q

Culture-dependent approach to studying microbial communities: how it works, downside

A

Microbes from different environmental and organismal sources are grown on petri dish
Problem: not all microbial life is represented due to limitations of culture conditions

37
Q

Metagenomic approach to studying microbial communities: 4 steps

A
  1. Isolate genomic DNA from different sources
  2. PCR amplification of SSU rRNA genes
  3. Clone and sequence amplified DNA
  4. Compare sequences to database of known genes
38
Q

Microbiome definition

A

Collection of all microorganisms living in association with the human body

39
Q

Microbiome can also be called _____ or _____.

A

Microbiota

Microflora

40
Q

In 2007, the NIH launched the ____ _____ _____ to better understand the microbiome and its role in human health and disease.

A

Human Microbiome Project

41
Q

Studies indicate ____ - ____ different species of microbes live in the human gut, representing all ____ ____ of life

A

500-1000

3 domains

42
Q

Microbiome can include what non-living obligate intracellular parasites?

A

Viruses (bacteriophages, etc.)

43
Q

Microbiome in humans comes from what 3 sources?

A

Birth (interaction with birth canal and skin of caregivers)
Breast milk
Environment

44
Q

Human body is only what percent human cells?

A

25%

45
Q

Microbiome of gut makes what two things that humans cannot make for themselves?

A

Nutrients

Vitamins

46
Q

Gut microbiota makes _____ that affect ____ ____ and ___.

A

Neurotransmitters
Brain development
Behavior

47
Q

5 places where microbiome can be found on humans

A 
Mouth
Nasal passages
Lungs
GI tract
Urogenital tract
48
Q

What connects the visceral organs and the brain?

A

Vagus nerve

49
Q

The vagus nerve is an important ____ pathway for the ____ _____ to influence the ____ and ____.

A

Communication
Gut microbiota
Brain
Behavior

50
Q

Name for connection between microbiota and brain

A

Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

51
Q

Results of experiment with mice with intact vs. missing microbiota (2)

A

Mice with missing microbiota displayed altered behavior (stress, anxiety, depression, anti-social behavior)
Anxiety phenotype could be transferred between animals through transplantation of gut microbiota

52
Q

Diseases linked to gut microbiota (8 total, 2 of immune system, 5 of brain, and one other)

A 
Obesity
Type I diabetes
Inflammation
Autism
Major depression
Alzheimers
Parkinsons
Multiple Sclerosis

Microbiology (24 decks)

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