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Microbiology > Bacteria and Archaea Structure, Function, and Nutrition > Flashcards

Bacteria and Archaea Structure, Function, and Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pili: what are they, and what is their purpose

A

Thin, protein appendages on outside of bacteria

Used for attachment

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2
Q

Sex pili: purpose

A

Used for conjugation (form of horizontal gene transfer)

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3
Q

Type IV pili: purpose

A

Twitching motility (cycles of extension, attachment, and retraction)

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4
Q

Monotrichous

A

One flagellum

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5
Q

Polar flagellum

A

Flagellum at end of cell

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6
Q

Amphitrichous

A

One flagellum at each end of cell

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7
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Cluster of flagella at one or both ends of cell

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8
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella spread over entire surface of cell

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9
Q

3 parts of flagella

A

Basal body
Hook
Filament

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10
Q

Basal body components

A

Rod and series of rings
Rod and bottom ring turn, but L and P rings don’t
L and P rings stabilize

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11
Q

Basal body acts as what for flagella?

A

Motor

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12
Q

Source of energy for basal body rotation

A

Proton motive force (charge gradient)

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13
Q

Hook features

A

Flexible

Attached to basal body

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14
Q

Filament extends from what structure?

A

Hook

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15
Q

Are basal body, hook, and filament hollow or solid? What are they made out of?

A

Hollow

Protein

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16
Q

Counterclockwise rotation of flagellum causes what type of motion?

A

Forward motion (run)

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17
Q

Clockwise rotation of flagellum causes what type of motion?

A

Disruption of run: cell stops and tumbles

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18
Q

How many revolutions per second can flagellum rotate?

A

1100 revolutions/second

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19
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Allow cell to sense different environmental conditions

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20
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Sensory system that enables microbes to move toward or away from specific chemicals

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21
Q

Attractants

A

Bacteria travel toward these

Nutrients

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22
Q

Repellants

A

Bacteria travel away from these

Toxins

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23
Q

Attractants cause what type of flagellar rotation?

A

Counterclockwise rotation (run)

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24
Q

In E. coli, which are peritrichously flagellated, how does running work?

A

Flagella bundle is formed near pole, which enables running

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25
Q

Repellants cause what type of flagellar rotation?

A

Clockwise rotation (tumble and direction change)

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26
Q

In E. coli, which are peritrichously flagellated, what happens when running bacteria are exposed to repellants?

A

Flagella fly apart (flagella bundle dissolves)

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27
Q

Runs + tumbles = ?

A

Random walk

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28
Q

Random walk occurs when?

A

No attractants are present

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29
Q

How does bacterial movement change when exposed to an attractant gradient?

A

Chemoreceptors detect attractant
Counterclockwise rotation is favored
Runs become longer and tumbles less frequent

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30
Q

Biased random walk

A

Net movement up attraction gradient

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31
Q

Are archaea prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

32
Q

How do archaea reproduce?

A

Asexually

33
Q

What habitats are archaea found in?

A

Terrestrial and aquatic

34
Q

What type of chromosomes do archaea have? Do they have plasmids?

A

Circular, dsDNA chromosomes

Archaea have plasmids

35
Q

Does Gram positive and negative apply to archaea? Do they come in different shapes?

A

Archaea can be gram positive or negative

Diverse shapes

36
Q

What scale are archaea measured on?

A

Micrometers

37
Q

Do archaea have plasma membranes?

A

Yes

38
Q

Do archaea have cell walls? Are they made of peptidoglycan?

A

Some have cell walls, but no peptidoglycan

39
Q

Archaea that lack cell walls: what replaces?

A

S-layers

40
Q

Can archaea have flagella?

A

Yes

41
Q

Methanogenesis

A

Unique to archaea

Biological production of methane (CH4)

42
Q

Methane: what is it, and where is it found?

A

Potent greenhouse gas

Found in ruminants of cattle (contain archaea)

43
Q

Extremophiles

A

Archaea that can grow in conditions that would normally kill microbes

44
Q

Thermophiles: what temperatures can they grow at?

A

Between 45 and 85 degrees C

45
Q

Hyperthermophiles: what temperatures can they grow at?

A

Between 85 and 113 degrees C

46
Q

Strain 121

A

Archaea that can grow in autoclave (121 degrees C)

47
Q

Haloquadratum

A

Archaea that can grow in high salt environment (shaped like 4 postage stamps together in a square shape)

48
Q

Similarities between archaeal and bacterial lipids and membranes

A 
2 hydrophilic surfaces with 1 hydrophobic surface
Bilayer membrane (only with C20 diethers in archaea)
49
Q

Differences between archaeal and bacterial lipids and membranes

A

Ether linkages to glycerol in archaea rather than ester linkages in bacteria
Archaea have isoprene (5 carbon) units as hydrocarbons
Monolayers in archaea with C40 tetraethers

50
Q

Archaeal membranes provide what advantage for growing in high temperature environments?

A

Enhanced stability

51
Q

Pyrococcus furiosus: what type of archaea is it, what is its nickname, how many flagella does it have, and what does it produce?

A

Hyperthermophile
“Rushing fireball”
More than 50 flagella
Source of Pfu polymerase for PCR

52
Q

To obtain energy and construct new cellular components, microbes must have a supply of what two things?

A

Raw materials

Nutrients

53
Q

Nutrients

A

Substances used in biosynthesis and energy release

Required for growth

54
Q

Macronutrients/ macroelements: what are they and what elements are considered to be these?

A

Required by microbes in large amounts

P, O, N, C, H, S, Fe (Remember “PONCHOS” plus Fe)

55
Q

Micronutrients/ trace elements: what are they and what elements are considered to be these?

A

Required by microbes in small amounts

Co, Cu, Zn, Mn

56
Q

What sources of nitrogen do bacteria use?

A

Ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3), or nitrogen gas (N2)

57
Q

Nitrogen fixation: what is it, and what 2 types of bacteria do it?

A

N2 is reduced to NH3

Rhizobium (in symbiosis with plants in root nodules) and Azotobacter (free living in soil)

58
Q

Food must enter at what rates, across what, in what type of fashion, and against what?

A

High rates
Across membranes
Selective fashion
Often against concentration gradient

59
Q

Passive transport: is energy required? If not, what is required?

A

Energy is not required

Requires gradient from higher to lower concentrations

60
Q

Passive diffusion

A

No carrier molecules needed

Only small molecules and certain gases

61
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Uses membrane carrier proteins that undergo conformation change
Example: aquaporins form H2O channels

62
Q

Passive vs facilitated diffusion rates

A

Passive diffusion: same rate at high and low levels of nutrient (straight line on graph)
Facilitated diffusion: higher rate at low level of nutrient, plateaus at high level of nutrient as carrier proteins are saturated (log curve on graph)

63
Q

Active transport: is energy required? If so, where does energy come from? What does it do?

A

Energy is required
ATP or proton motive force used
Moving nutrients against gradient

64
Q

2 types of active transport

A

Primary and secondary

65
Q

ABC transporters: what does ABC stand for, and what type of transporters are they?

A

ATP-binding cassettes

Primary active transport

66
Q

Steps of primary active transport (ABC transporters)

A
  1. Solute binds to solute binding protein
  2. Solute binding protein plus solute triggers conformational change in transporter, catalyzed by ATP hydrolysis
  3. Solute is released and transported by transporter across membrane
67
Q

Uptake ABC: function

A

Move nutrients in to cell

68
Q

Export ABC: function and alternate name

A

Move substances out of cell

Also called multidrug efflux pumps

69
Q

What export ABCs move out in bacteria, and what that does for the cell

A

Export ABCs can move antibiotics out of bacterial cells, rendering them antibiotic resistant

70
Q

What export ABCs move out in cancer cells, and what that does for the cell

A

Export ABCs can move anti-cancer drugs out of tumor cells, rendering them drug resistant

71
Q

Secondary active transport: energy source

A

Potential energy of ion gradients (proton motive force)

72
Q

How is proton gradient generated

A

Electron transport across membranes

73
Q

Lac permease: what type of transport, what does it move

A

Secondary active transport (symport)

Moves lactose and proton in same direction (into cell)

74
Q

Group translocation: phosphotransferase system

A

Sugars (nutrients) are chemically altered prior to transportation into bacterial cell
Energy from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) attaches phosphate group to sugars

75
Q

What pathway is phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) an intermediate of?

A

Glycolysis (conversion of glucose to pyruvate)

76
Q

Siderophores: what problem do they solve for bacteria?

A

Little free iron is available in bacterial environments, so siderophores bind iron
Siderophore-Fe complex can be transported into cell (often using ABC transporters)

Microbiology (24 decks)

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