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Microbiology > Photosynthesis and Anabolism > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Anabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

2 parts of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions

Dark reactions

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2
Q

Light reactions of photosynthesis: what happens

A

Light energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy

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3
Q

Dark reactions of photosynthesis: what happens

A

Chemical energy generated in light reactions is used to reduce CO2 and to synthesize cell material

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4
Q

Most phototrophs (light as energy source) are also what?

A

Autotrophs (CO2 as carbon source)

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5
Q

Photosynthetic organisms: two types

A

Oxygenic

Anoxygenic

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6
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesizers: where do they get their electrons, what organisms comprise this category?

A

Oxidize water for electrons, forming oxygen

Eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

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7
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesizers: where do they get their electrons, what organisms comprise this category?

A

Electrons come from sources other than water

All photosynthetic bacteria except for cyanobacteria

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8
Q

Chlorophylls

A

Major light absorbing pigments of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

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9
Q

Bacteriochlorophylls

A

Major light absorbing pigments of purple and green bacteria

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10
Q

3 roles of accessory pigments of photosynthetic microbes

A

Transfer light energy to chlorophylls
Absorb different wavelengths than chlorophylls, increasing the number of wavelengths of light that photosynthetic bacteria can use
Quench toxic forms of oxygen

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11
Q

2 examples of accessory pigments of photosynthetic microbes

A

Carotenoids

Phycobiliproteins

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12
Q

Lycopene: what type of accessory pigment, what other function does it have

A

Lycopene is a carotenoid and an antioxidant

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13
Q

Chlorophylls and accessory pigments are assembled into light-harvesting arrays called what?

A

Photosystems

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14
Q

Photosystems are embedded into what type of membrane?

A

Thylakoid

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15
Q

The two types of photosystems

A 
Photosystem I (PSI)
Photosystem II (PSII)
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16
Q

How photosystems work: 3 steps

A
  1. Photosystem absorbs light energy
  2. Energy is transferred to reaction center chlorophyll
  3. Chlorophyll electrons are excited and passed to the first acceptor in the electron transport chain
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17
Q

Light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria: location

A

Thylakoids

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18
Q

Light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria utilize what main pigment?

A

Chlorophyll

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19
Q

Light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria: how many photosystems?

A

2 photosystems (PSI and PSII)

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20
Q

Light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria: cyclic, noncyclic, or both photophosphorylation?

A

Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation

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21
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation uses photosystem I or II?

A

PSI

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22
Q

How does cyclic photophosphorylation work?

A

Electrons return to reaction center chlorophyll

Energy from electron transport chain generates proton motive force to make ATP via F0F1 ATP synthase

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23
Q

Noncyclic photophosphorylation uses photosystem I, II, or both?

A

PSI and PSII

24
Q

How does noncyclic photophosphorylation work?

A

Electrons don’t return to reaction center chlorophyll- they get transferred to NADP to make NADPH
Both ATP and NADPH are generated

25
Q

PSII supplies what two necessary molecules?

A

Electrons used to generate NADPH in PSI

H+ is replenished by splitting water

26
Q

Light reactions of green and purple bacteria: location

A

Plasma membrane

27
Q

Light reactions of green and purple bacteria utilize what main pigment?

A

Bacteriochlorophyll

28
Q

Light reactions of green and purple bacteria: cyclic, noncyclic, or both photophosphorylation?

A

Cyclic only (generates ATP but not NADPH)

29
Q

Green and purple bacteria are oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesizers? What do they use as electron donors?

A

Anoxygenic

Use H2, H2S, or organic matter as electron donors

30
Q

Light reactions of green and purple bacteria: how many photosystems?

A

PSI

31
Q

Can archaea be photosynthetic? If so, what makes them different from photosynthetic bacteria?

A

Archaea can be photosynthetic

Don’t use chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll; instead use rhodopsin

32
Q

Rhodopsin: what type of protein, where is it located, how many transmembrane helices

A

Pigment protein
Embedded in plasma membrane
7 transmembrane helices

33
Q

What molecule is in the middle of rhodopsin? What is its function?

A

Retinal is in the middle

Pigment portion of protein: causes conformational changes in rhodopsin, pumps proton out

34
Q

Anabolism definition

A

Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with input of energy

35
Q

Anabolism uses ____ and reducing power often in the form of _____.

A

ATP

NADPH

36
Q

Difference between functions of NADPH and NADH

A

NADPH: reducing power for biosynthesis
NADH: reducing power for electron transport

37
Q

Calvin cycle refers to what set of reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Dark reactions

38
Q

Calvin cycle: what is it?

A

Anabolic pathway for fixing CO2 into carbohydrate

39
Q

Is the Calvin cycle energy demanding?

A

Yes

40
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place in plants?

A

Chloroplasts

41
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place in bacteria?

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

What does the Calvin cycle provide for heterotrophs? What is the function of this provision?

A

Organic matter

Heterotrophs use reduced organic molecules as carbon sources

43
Q

3 phases of Calvin cycle

A

Carboxylation phase
Reduction phase
Regeneration phase

44
Q

Carboxylation phase of Calvin cycle: where does it often occur, what enzyme catalyzes reaction, starting and ending products

A

Often occurs in carboxysomes
RubisCO catalyzes reaction
Starting: ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
Ending: 3-phosphoglycerate

45
Q

Reduction phase of Calvin cycle: what is reduced to what, what two molecules are required

A

3-phosphoglycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

NADPH and ATP are required

46
Q

Regeneration phase of Calvin cycle: what is produced

A

Numerous carbohydrates are produced

47
Q

Many biosynthetic pathways are reversals of what types of pathways?

A

Catabolic pathways

48
Q

Recuctive TCA cycle: reversal of what cycle?

A

TCA cycle

49
Q

Reductive TCA cycle generates what? What is required for generation? What molecule is fixed in this cycle?

A

Generates precursors for biosynthesis, requiring ATP

CO2 is fixed

50
Q

Gluconeogenesis: reversal of what cycle?

A

Glycolysis

51
Q

What is synthesized in gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose

52
Q

What types of organisms can carry out gluconeogenesis?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria

53
Q

Why do humans undergo gluconeogenesis?

A

Maintain blood glucose levels

54
Q

Gluconeogenesis requires what two forms of energy?

A

ATP and GTP

55
Q

How many enzymes used in gluconeogenesis are also used in glycolysis? How many are unique to gluconeogenesis?

A

6 enzymes are also used in glycolysis

4 are unique to gluconeogenesis

Microbiology (24 decks)

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