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Microbiology > Photosynthesis and Anabolism > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Anabolism Flashcards

1
Q

2 parts of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions

Dark reactions

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2
Q

Light reactions of photosynthesis: what happens

A

Light energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy

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3
Q

Dark reactions of photosynthesis: what happens

A

Chemical energy generated in light reactions is used to reduce CO2 and to synthesize cell material

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4
Q

Most phototrophs (light as energy source) are also what?

A

Autotrophs (CO2 as carbon source)

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5
Q

Photosynthetic organisms: two types

A

Oxygenic

Anoxygenic

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6
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesizers: where do they get their electrons, what organisms comprise this category?

A

Oxidize water for electrons, forming oxygen

Eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

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7
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesizers: where do they get their electrons, what organisms comprise this category?

A

Electrons come from sources other than water

All photosynthetic bacteria except for cyanobacteria

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8
Q

Chlorophylls

A

Major light absorbing pigments of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

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9
Q

Bacteriochlorophylls

A

Major light absorbing pigments of purple and green bacteria

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10
Q

3 roles of accessory pigments of photosynthetic microbes

A

Transfer light energy to chlorophylls
Absorb different wavelengths than chlorophylls, increasing the number of wavelengths of light that photosynthetic bacteria can use
Quench toxic forms of oxygen

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11
Q

2 examples of accessory pigments of photosynthetic microbes

A

Carotenoids

Phycobiliproteins

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12
Q

Lycopene: what type of accessory pigment, what other function does it have

A

Lycopene is a carotenoid and an antioxidant

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13
Q

Chlorophylls and accessory pigments are assembled into light-harvesting arrays called what?

A

Photosystems

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14
Q

Photosystems are embedded into what type of membrane?

A

Thylakoid

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15
Q

The two types of photosystems

A 
Photosystem I (PSI)
Photosystem II (PSII)
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16
Q

How photosystems work: 3 steps

A
  1. Photosystem absorbs light energy
  2. Energy is transferred to reaction center chlorophyll
  3. Chlorophyll electrons are excited and passed to the first acceptor in the electron transport chain
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17
Q

Light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria: location

A

Thylakoids

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18
Q

Light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria utilize what main pigment?

A

Chlorophyll

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19
Q

Light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria: how many photosystems?

A

2 photosystems (PSI and PSII)

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20
Q

Light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria: cyclic, noncyclic, or both photophosphorylation?

A

Cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation

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21
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation uses photosystem I or II?

A

PSI

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22
Q

How does cyclic photophosphorylation work?

A

Electrons return to reaction center chlorophyll

Energy from electron transport chain generates proton motive force to make ATP via F0F1 ATP synthase

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23
Q

Noncyclic photophosphorylation uses photosystem I, II, or both?

A

PSI and PSII

24
Q

How does noncyclic photophosphorylation work?

A

Electrons don’t return to reaction center chlorophyll- they get transferred to NADP to make NADPH
Both ATP and NADPH are generated

25
PSII supplies what two necessary molecules?
Electrons used to generate NADPH in PSI | H+ is replenished by splitting water
26
Light reactions of green and purple bacteria: location
Plasma membrane
27
Light reactions of green and purple bacteria utilize what main pigment?
Bacteriochlorophyll
28
Light reactions of green and purple bacteria: cyclic, noncyclic, or both photophosphorylation?
Cyclic only (generates ATP but not NADPH)
29
Green and purple bacteria are oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesizers? What do they use as electron donors?
Anoxygenic | Use H2, H2S, or organic matter as electron donors
30
Light reactions of green and purple bacteria: how many photosystems?
PSI
31
Can archaea be photosynthetic? If so, what makes them different from photosynthetic bacteria?
Archaea can be photosynthetic | Don't use chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll; instead use rhodopsin
32
Rhodopsin: what type of protein, where is it located, how many transmembrane helices
Pigment protein Embedded in plasma membrane 7 transmembrane helices
33
What molecule is in the middle of rhodopsin? What is its function?
Retinal is in the middle | Pigment portion of protein: causes conformational changes in rhodopsin, pumps proton out
34
Anabolism definition
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with input of energy
35
Anabolism uses ____ and reducing power often in the form of _____.
ATP | NADPH
36
Difference between functions of NADPH and NADH
NADPH: reducing power for biosynthesis NADH: reducing power for electron transport
37
Calvin cycle refers to what set of reactions of photosynthesis?
Dark reactions
38
Calvin cycle: what is it?
Anabolic pathway for fixing CO2 into carbohydrate
39
Is the Calvin cycle energy demanding?
Yes
40
Where does the Calvin cycle take place in plants?
Chloroplasts
41
Where does the Calvin cycle take place in bacteria?
Cytoplasm
42
What does the Calvin cycle provide for heterotrophs? What is the function of this provision?
Organic matter | Heterotrophs use reduced organic molecules as carbon sources
43
3 phases of Calvin cycle
Carboxylation phase Reduction phase Regeneration phase
44
Carboxylation phase of Calvin cycle: where does it often occur, what enzyme catalyzes reaction, starting and ending products
Often occurs in carboxysomes RubisCO catalyzes reaction Starting: ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate Ending: 3-phosphoglycerate
45
Reduction phase of Calvin cycle: what is reduced to what, what two molecules are required
3-phosphoglycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate | NADPH and ATP are required
46
Regeneration phase of Calvin cycle: what is produced
Numerous carbohydrates are produced
47
Many biosynthetic pathways are reversals of what types of pathways?
Catabolic pathways
48
Recuctive TCA cycle: reversal of what cycle?
TCA cycle
49
Reductive TCA cycle generates what? What is required for generation? What molecule is fixed in this cycle?
Generates precursors for biosynthesis, requiring ATP | CO2 is fixed
50
Gluconeogenesis: reversal of what cycle?
Glycolysis
51
What is synthesized in gluconeogenesis?
Glucose
52
What types of organisms can carry out gluconeogenesis?
Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria
53
Why do humans undergo gluconeogenesis?
Maintain blood glucose levels
54
Gluconeogenesis requires what two forms of energy?
ATP and GTP
55
How many enzymes used in gluconeogenesis are also used in glycolysis? How many are unique to gluconeogenesis?
6 enzymes are also used in glycolysis | 4 are unique to gluconeogenesis

Microbiology (24 decks)

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