Protists Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Plants, fungi, and animals are _______, meaning that they came from a common ________.
A
Monophyletic
Ancestor
2
Q
Protists are ______, meaning that they did not come from a common ______.
A
Polyphyletic
Ancestor
3
Q
Eukaryotic microorganisms are prominent members of what? In what 2 ways are they useful to scientists?
A
Ecosystems
Useful as model systems and in industry
4
Q
Can eukaryotic microorganisms be pathogenic to plants and animals?
A
Yes
5
Q
2 groups of Eukaryotic microorganisms
A
Protists
Fungi
6
Q
Eukaryotic cells: sexual, asexual, or both reproduction?
A
Both
7
Q
Eukaryotic cells: meiosis, mitosis, or both?
A
Both
8
Q
Eukaryotic cells: are organelles membrane bound?
A
Yes
9
Q
What is another name for eukaryotic lipid bilayers?
A
Plasma membrane
10
Q
Many eukaryotic cells have ____ ____ surrounding them.
A
Cell walls
11
Q
3 organelles specific to eukaryotic cells and their functions
A
Endoplasmic reticulum: protein synthesis with ribosomes
Golgi apparatus: chemical modification, packaging, and secretion of proteins
Mitochondria: powerhouse of cell due to ATP production through electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, site of TCA cycle
12
Q
Protists: members of what domain?
A
Eukarya
13
Q
Protists: how many different life forms?
A
Over 60,000
14
Q
Protists: mostly unicellular or multicellular?
A
Unicellular
15
Q
3 common types of protists
A
Algae
Slime molds
Protozoa
16
Q
Protozoa: what type of energy and electron users?
A
Chemoorganotrophic
17
Q
Algae gain their energy through what?
A
Light (photosynthesis)
18
Q
Protists are important links in what?
A
Food chains
19
Q
What type of protists play a role in the food chains of aquatic habitats?
A
Plankton
20
Q
3 types of protists that are important links in food chains
A
Radiolarians
Diatoms
Foraminiferans
21
Q
Radiolarians, diatoms, and foraminiferans: what 2 compounds compose their cell walls?
A
Silica
Calcium carbonate
22
Q
Radiolarians, diatoms, and foraminiferans are involved in formation of what 3 things?
A
Reefs
Beach sand
Limestone
23
Q
Protists: environment
A
Terrestrial or aquatic
24
Q
Can protists be parasitic?
A
Yes
25
Are protists motile? If so, what do they use to move?
Motile
| Use cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia for movement
26
Ciliates are protists with how many nuclei? What are they names for these nuclei and what are their functions?
2 nuclei: micronucleus ("true nucleus", mitosis), macronucleus (thousands of short, linear chromosomes that encode genes for growth and feeding)
27
Plasmalemma
Plasma membrane of protist
28
Pseudopodia
Outward projections of protists used for movement
29
Contractile vacuole
Osmoregulation of protist
| Fills with and expells water
30
Phagocytic vacuole
Part of protist that digests food
31
Trichocysts: do all protists have them? What is their function and how do they work?
Only some protists have trichocysts
Play role in protection from other organisms
Function like tiny harpoons that can be ejected from protist
32
Protists: 3 types of metabolizers
Oxygenic photosynthesizers
Chemoorganoheterotrophs
Mixotrophs (both organic and inorganic compounds used)
33
Nutrition of protists: how are solid nutrients obtained?
Phagocytosis
34
Nutrition of protists: how are soluble nutrients obtained?
Facilitated diffusion and active transport
35
Encystment of protists: what happens, what is formed, what is the function
Development into dormant stage called cyst
| Function: protection, transmission
36
Excystment of protists: what happens, what is formed
Escape from cyst to metabolically active, motile form called trophozoite
37
Example of protist that completes oxygenic photosynthesis
Chlamydomonas
38
Chlamydomonas: unicellular or multicellular? Color? What type of protist?
Unicellular
Green
Algae
39
Chlamydomonas cell walls are made up of what?
Cellulose (polysaccharide made up of chains of glucose monomers)
40
Are Chlamydomonas motile? If so, how do they move?
Motile via 2 flagella
41
Stigma/eyespot of Chlamydomonas: contains what for what function?
Contains photoreceptors that detect light
| Phototaxis: movement in response to light
42
Chlamydomonas is a potential ____ source.
Biofuel
43
Example of protist that aggregates to form motile slug
Cellular slime mold
44
Cellular slime mold genus
Dictyostelium
45
Nutrition of Dictyostelium/cellular slime mold
Bacteria through phagocytosis
46
Life cycle of Dictyostelium/cellular slime mold: 4 stages
1. Free-living amoeboid cells
2. Aggregation to form motile slug (signalling between cells uses cyclic AMP)
3. Slug stops moving and rises up, forming fruiting body with spores
4. Spores are released, germinate, and form free-living amoeboid cells
47
Name of protozoan parasite that causes severe diarrhea
Giardia
48
How Giardia causes illness in host (4 steps)
1. Cysts are ingested
2. Trophozoites attach to intestine
3. Disruption of nutrient and water flow causes diarrhea and fluid loss
4. Cysts are shed in feces
49
About what percentage of the human population are healthy carriers of Giardia?
7%
50
Sucking disk of Giardia
Located on underside of protozoan
| Enables Giardia to attach to epithelial lining of intestinal tract
51
Official and common name of disease caused by Giardia
Giardiasis
| Backpacker's diarrhea
52
Name of protozoan that causes brain eating disease
Naegleria fowleri
53
Naegleria fowleri: free-living or colony bound? Habitat? What type of extremophile?
Free-living
Aquatic (high-nutrient fresh water)
Thermophile
54
3 forms of Naegleria fowleri: names, which is infectious?
Trophozoite (infectious)
Cyst
Flagellate
55
How does Naegleria fowleri trophozoite enter body? Where does it travel? What is the name of the disease it causes?
Enters through nose
Travels to brain
Causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis
56
Group of protists that includes Dinoflagellates, Ciliates, and Apicomplexans
Alveolata
57
Dinoflagellates: how many flagella? What kind of movement? What protection mechanism?
2 flagella
Cell spins as it moves forward
Trichocysts
58
How are Dinoflagellates endosymbiotic? What is the name of their motile cells?
Motile cells (zooxanthellae) provide carbon to coral and help it produce exoskeleton
59
Dinoflagellates are the cause of what aquatic event? How does this affect other organisms?
Red tides
| Toxic to other organisms
60
Ciliates rely on what structure for movement? How many nuclei, and name(s)? Example organism? Name for method of sexual reproduction?
Cilia for movement
2 nuclei (macronucleus, micronucleus)
Paramecium
Conjugation for sexual reproduction
61
Apicomplexans get their name from what structure? What does this structure contain, and for what purpose?
Apical complex
| Contains calcium and enzymes that are released for penetration of host cells
62
Apicoplast of Apicomplexans: what is it and what is it necessary for?
Plastid
| Necessary for viability
63
Name for motile, infective stage of Apicomplexans
Sporozoite
64
3 Apicomplexan pathogens: genus and name of disease caused
Cryptosporidium causes cryptosporidiosis
Toxoplasma causes toxoplasmosis
Plasmodium causes malaria
65
Cryptosporidium: what is the name of the structure transmitted in contaminated water?
Oocyst
66
Cryptosporidium oocyst features that make it difficult to prevent outbreaks (4)
Small (not easily filtered)
Chlorine resistant
Stable for months
Only 8-10 needed to cause infection
67
After ingestion, Cryptosporidium oocysts undergo _____ to become _____ in ______.
Excystment
Trophozoites
Intestine
68
Largest known outbreak of cryptosporidiosis: where, when, and how many cases?
Milwaukee
1993
Over 400,000 cases
69
Toxoplasmosis is caused by ingestion of what form of Toxoplasma? What are 2 sources of it?
Oocysts
| Raw/undercooked meat, cat feces
70
What animal is a natural reservoir of Toxoplasma? What other animal is used to complete reproductive cycle of this protozoan?
Mice
| Cats
71
Toxoplasma: Ingested oocysts become ______, which localize in _____ and _____ tissue.
Tachyzoites
Neural
Muscle
72
Toxoplasma tachyzoites can enter ____ and cross _____.
Brain
| Placenta
73
What happens to mice infected with Toxoplasma? How is this good for both cats and the parasite?
Toxoplasma infected mice lose fear of cats
Benefits cats: easy meal
Benefits parasite: gets into cat's intestinal tract, where it can sexually reproduce and continue its cycle of infection
74
Malaria is caused by 4 species of what genera? What is the group this genera is included in?
Plasmodium
| Apicomplexan
75
Specific genus and species of malaria causer
Plasmodium falciparum
76
Plasmodium falciparum is transmitted how? What is the genus of the organism transmitting?
Transmitted by bite of infected female mosquito
| Genus Anopheles
77
What form of Plasmodium falciparum is transmitted into human host?
Sporozoite
78
Distribution of malaria: which areas of the world? How many cases per year worldwide?
Central and South America
Africa
Southeastern Asia
300 million cases per year worldwide
79
5 steps of Plasmodium falciparum cycle in host
1. Mosquito feeds on human host, injecting sporozoite into host
2. Sporozoite attacks liver cells
3. In liver, sporozoites become merozoites
4. Merozoites target red blood cells
5. Merozoites develop into microgametocyte, which can be taken up again by mosquitoes
80
Why is the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite's targeting of red blood cells considered to be cyclic?
Merozoite enters RBC, causes it to lyse, then re-enters another RBC
81
Symptoms of malaria and what part of Plasmoidum falciparum cycle they correspond to
Fever, chills
| Merozoite-mediated lysis of red blood cells
82
Plasmoidum falciparum forms what on the RBC surface? What does this cause the RBCs to do?
Forms knobs on RBC surface, causing RBCs to attach and stick to blood vessels
83
Anemia of malaria develops due to what 2 actions of Plasmodium falciparum?
Lysis and disruption of blood flow by merozoites
84
What happens to the liver of malaria patients?
Hypertrophy: enlargement and destruction
85
3 methods of malaria prevention through mosquito control
Wetland drainage
Insecticides
Netting
86
2 drugs used to treat malaria
Chloroquine
| Malarone
87
How does chloroquine work (3 steps)?
Parasite degrades hemoglobin of host as nutrient
Drug releases toxic heme
Drug blocks parasite polymerization of heme into non-toxic form
88
How does malarone work?
Blocks electron transport and pyrimidine synthesis of parasite
