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Microbiology > Protists > Flashcards

Protists Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plants, fungi, and animals are _______, meaning that they came from a common ________.

A

Monophyletic

Ancestor

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2
Q

Protists are ______, meaning that they did not come from a common ______.

A

Polyphyletic

Ancestor

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3
Q

Eukaryotic microorganisms are prominent members of what? In what 2 ways are they useful to scientists?

A

Ecosystems

Useful as model systems and in industry

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4
Q

Can eukaryotic microorganisms be pathogenic to plants and animals?

A

Yes

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5
Q

2 groups of Eukaryotic microorganisms

A

Protists

Fungi

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells: sexual, asexual, or both reproduction?

A

Both

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells: meiosis, mitosis, or both?

A

Both

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8
Q

Eukaryotic cells: are organelles membrane bound?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is another name for eukaryotic lipid bilayers?

A

Plasma membrane

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10
Q

Many eukaryotic cells have ____ ____ surrounding them.

A

Cell walls

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11
Q

3 organelles specific to eukaryotic cells and their functions

A

Endoplasmic reticulum: protein synthesis with ribosomes
Golgi apparatus: chemical modification, packaging, and secretion of proteins
Mitochondria: powerhouse of cell due to ATP production through electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, site of TCA cycle

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12
Q

Protists: members of what domain?

A

Eukarya

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13
Q

Protists: how many different life forms?

A

Over 60,000

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14
Q

Protists: mostly unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

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15
Q

3 common types of protists

A

Algae
Slime molds
Protozoa

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16
Q

Protozoa: what type of energy and electron users?

A

Chemoorganotrophic

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17
Q

Algae gain their energy through what?

A

Light (photosynthesis)

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18
Q

Protists are important links in what?

A

Food chains

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19
Q

What type of protists play a role in the food chains of aquatic habitats?

A

Plankton

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20
Q

3 types of protists that are important links in food chains

A

Radiolarians
Diatoms
Foraminiferans

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21
Q

Radiolarians, diatoms, and foraminiferans: what 2 compounds compose their cell walls?

A

Silica

Calcium carbonate

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22
Q

Radiolarians, diatoms, and foraminiferans are involved in formation of what 3 things?

A

Reefs
Beach sand
Limestone

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23
Q

Protists: environment

A

Terrestrial or aquatic

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24
Q

Can protists be parasitic?

A

Yes

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25
Q

Are protists motile? If so, what do they use to move?

A

Motile

Use cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia for movement

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26
Q

Ciliates are protists with how many nuclei? What are they names for these nuclei and what are their functions?

A

2 nuclei: micronucleus (“true nucleus”, mitosis), macronucleus (thousands of short, linear chromosomes that encode genes for growth and feeding)

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27
Q

Plasmalemma

A

Plasma membrane of protist

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28
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Outward projections of protists used for movement

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29
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

Osmoregulation of protist

Fills with and expells water

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30
Q

Phagocytic vacuole

A

Part of protist that digests food

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31
Q

Trichocysts: do all protists have them? What is their function and how do they work?

A

Only some protists have trichocysts
Play role in protection from other organisms
Function like tiny harpoons that can be ejected from protist

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32
Q

Protists: 3 types of metabolizers

A

Oxygenic photosynthesizers
Chemoorganoheterotrophs
Mixotrophs (both organic and inorganic compounds used)

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33
Q

Nutrition of protists: how are solid nutrients obtained?

A

Phagocytosis

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34
Q

Nutrition of protists: how are soluble nutrients obtained?

A

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

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35
Q

Encystment of protists: what happens, what is formed, what is the function

A

Development into dormant stage called cyst

Function: protection, transmission

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36
Q

Excystment of protists: what happens, what is formed

A

Escape from cyst to metabolically active, motile form called trophozoite

37
Q

Example of protist that completes oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Chlamydomonas

38
Q

Chlamydomonas: unicellular or multicellular? Color? What type of protist?

A

Unicellular
Green
Algae

39
Q

Chlamydomonas cell walls are made up of what?

A

Cellulose (polysaccharide made up of chains of glucose monomers)

40
Q

Are Chlamydomonas motile? If so, how do they move?

A

Motile via 2 flagella

41
Q

Stigma/eyespot of Chlamydomonas: contains what for what function?

A

Contains photoreceptors that detect light

Phototaxis: movement in response to light

42
Q

Chlamydomonas is a potential ____ source.

A

Biofuel

43
Q

Example of protist that aggregates to form motile slug

A

Cellular slime mold

44
Q

Cellular slime mold genus

A

Dictyostelium

45
Q

Nutrition of Dictyostelium/cellular slime mold

A

Bacteria through phagocytosis

46
Q

Life cycle of Dictyostelium/cellular slime mold: 4 stages

A
  1. Free-living amoeboid cells
  2. Aggregation to form motile slug (signalling between cells uses cyclic AMP)
  3. Slug stops moving and rises up, forming fruiting body with spores
  4. Spores are released, germinate, and form free-living amoeboid cells
47
Q

Name of protozoan parasite that causes severe diarrhea

A

Giardia

48
Q

How Giardia causes illness in host (4 steps)

A
  1. Cysts are ingested
  2. Trophozoites attach to intestine
  3. Disruption of nutrient and water flow causes diarrhea and fluid loss
  4. Cysts are shed in feces
49
Q

About what percentage of the human population are healthy carriers of Giardia?

A

7%

50
Q

Sucking disk of Giardia

A

Located on underside of protozoan

Enables Giardia to attach to epithelial lining of intestinal tract

51
Q

Official and common name of disease caused by Giardia

A

Giardiasis

Backpacker’s diarrhea

52
Q

Name of protozoan that causes brain eating disease

A

Naegleria fowleri

53
Q

Naegleria fowleri: free-living or colony bound? Habitat? What type of extremophile?

A

Free-living
Aquatic (high-nutrient fresh water)
Thermophile

54
Q

3 forms of Naegleria fowleri: names, which is infectious?

A

Trophozoite (infectious)
Cyst
Flagellate

55
Q

How does Naegleria fowleri trophozoite enter body? Where does it travel? What is the name of the disease it causes?

A

Enters through nose
Travels to brain
Causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis

56
Q

Group of protists that includes Dinoflagellates, Ciliates, and Apicomplexans

A

Alveolata

57
Q

Dinoflagellates: how many flagella? What kind of movement? What protection mechanism?

A

2 flagella
Cell spins as it moves forward
Trichocysts

58
Q

How are Dinoflagellates endosymbiotic? What is the name of their motile cells?

A

Motile cells (zooxanthellae) provide carbon to coral and help it produce exoskeleton

59
Q

Dinoflagellates are the cause of what aquatic event? How does this affect other organisms?

A

Red tides

Toxic to other organisms

60
Q

Ciliates rely on what structure for movement? How many nuclei, and name(s)? Example organism? Name for method of sexual reproduction?

A

Cilia for movement
2 nuclei (macronucleus, micronucleus)
Paramecium
Conjugation for sexual reproduction

61
Q

Apicomplexans get their name from what structure? What does this structure contain, and for what purpose?

A

Apical complex

Contains calcium and enzymes that are released for penetration of host cells

62
Q

Apicoplast of Apicomplexans: what is it and what is it necessary for?

A

Plastid

Necessary for viability

63
Q

Name for motile, infective stage of Apicomplexans

A

Sporozoite

64
Q

3 Apicomplexan pathogens: genus and name of disease caused

A

Cryptosporidium causes cryptosporidiosis
Toxoplasma causes toxoplasmosis
Plasmodium causes malaria

65
Q

Cryptosporidium: what is the name of the structure transmitted in contaminated water?

A

Oocyst

66
Q

Cryptosporidium oocyst features that make it difficult to prevent outbreaks (4)

A

Small (not easily filtered)
Chlorine resistant
Stable for months
Only 8-10 needed to cause infection

67
Q

After ingestion, Cryptosporidium oocysts undergo _____ to become _____ in ______.

A

Excystment
Trophozoites
Intestine

68
Q

Largest known outbreak of cryptosporidiosis: where, when, and how many cases?

A

Milwaukee
1993
Over 400,000 cases

69
Q

Toxoplasmosis is caused by ingestion of what form of Toxoplasma? What are 2 sources of it?

A

Oocysts

Raw/undercooked meat, cat feces

70
Q

What animal is a natural reservoir of Toxoplasma? What other animal is used to complete reproductive cycle of this protozoan?

A

Mice

Cats

71
Q

Toxoplasma: Ingested oocysts become ______, which localize in _____ and _____ tissue.

A

Tachyzoites
Neural
Muscle

72
Q

Toxoplasma tachyzoites can enter ____ and cross _____.

A

Brain

Placenta

73
Q

What happens to mice infected with Toxoplasma? How is this good for both cats and the parasite?

A

Toxoplasma infected mice lose fear of cats
Benefits cats: easy meal
Benefits parasite: gets into cat’s intestinal tract, where it can sexually reproduce and continue its cycle of infection

74
Q

Malaria is caused by 4 species of what genera? What is the group this genera is included in?

A

Plasmodium

Apicomplexan

75
Q

Specific genus and species of malaria causer

A

Plasmodium falciparum

76
Q

Plasmodium falciparum is transmitted how? What is the genus of the organism transmitting?

A

Transmitted by bite of infected female mosquito

Genus Anopheles

77
Q

What form of Plasmodium falciparum is transmitted into human host?

A

Sporozoite

78
Q

Distribution of malaria: which areas of the world? How many cases per year worldwide?

A

Central and South America
Africa
Southeastern Asia
300 million cases per year worldwide

79
Q

5 steps of Plasmodium falciparum cycle in host

A
  1. Mosquito feeds on human host, injecting sporozoite into host
  2. Sporozoite attacks liver cells
  3. In liver, sporozoites become merozoites
  4. Merozoites target red blood cells
  5. Merozoites develop into microgametocyte, which can be taken up again by mosquitoes
80
Q

Why is the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite’s targeting of red blood cells considered to be cyclic?

A

Merozoite enters RBC, causes it to lyse, then re-enters another RBC

81
Q

Symptoms of malaria and what part of Plasmoidum falciparum cycle they correspond to

A

Fever, chills

Merozoite-mediated lysis of red blood cells

82
Q

Plasmoidum falciparum forms what on the RBC surface? What does this cause the RBCs to do?

A

Forms knobs on RBC surface, causing RBCs to attach and stick to blood vessels

83
Q

Anemia of malaria develops due to what 2 actions of Plasmodium falciparum?

A

Lysis and disruption of blood flow by merozoites

84
Q

What happens to the liver of malaria patients?

A

Hypertrophy: enlargement and destruction

85
Q

3 methods of malaria prevention through mosquito control

A

Wetland drainage
Insecticides
Netting

86
Q

2 drugs used to treat malaria

A

Chloroquine

Malarone

87
Q

How does chloroquine work (3 steps)?

A

Parasite degrades hemoglobin of host as nutrient
Drug releases toxic heme
Drug blocks parasite polymerization of heme into non-toxic form

88
Q

How does malarone work?

A

Blocks electron transport and pyrimidine synthesis of parasite

Microbiology (24 decks)

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