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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances that provoke immune response

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2
Q

Antibodies

A

Bind antigens, inactivating or eliminating them

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3
Q

Immunity

A

Ability to resist disease or infection

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4
Q

Immunology

A

Study of how body defends against foreign invaders and harmful substances

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5
Q

Immune system protects against what 4 classes of pathogen?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protists

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6
Q

4 diseases of immune system

A

Allergy
Autoimmunity
Transplantation rejection
Graft vs. host disease (foreign immune cells from graft attack host cells)

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7
Q

2 components of immune system

A

Innate

Adaptive

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8
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: specificity

A

Innate: non-specific
Adaptive: specific

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9
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: speed

A

Innate: fast
Adaptive: slow

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10
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: memory

A

Innate: no memory
Adaptive: memory

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11
Q

Innate immunity: cells

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils

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12
Q

Innate immunity: components

A

Anatomical features, complement, toll-like receptors, cytokines

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13
Q

Name of cells responsible for innate and adaptive immune responses

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

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14
Q

Leukocytes originate from _____ stem cells in the _____ ____.

A

Pluripotent

Bone marrow

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15
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

Capable of differentiating into a wide variety of cells

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16
Q

5 major types of leukocytes

A 
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
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17
Q

Monocytes mature into what 2 types of cells?

A

Macrophages or dendritic cells

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18
Q

Lymphocytes mature into what 3 types of cells?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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19
Q

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes come from common _______ progenitor cell in ____ _____.

A

Myeloid

Bone marrow

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20
Q

Lymphocytes come from ______ progenitor cell in ____ ____.

A

Lymphoid

Bone marrow

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21
Q

Macrophages come from monocytes in the ______.

A

Blood

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22
Q

3 macrophage functions

A

Phagocytosis
Cytokine/chemokine production
Antigen presentation

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23
Q

Phagocytosis: _____ and _____ pathogens

A

Engulf

Destroy

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24
Q

Phagocytosis uses what two types of chemicals for degradation of pathogens?

A

Reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide)

Reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide)

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25
Q

5 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Pseudopodia surrounds pathogen
  2. Phagosome forms around pathogen
  3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome forming phagolysosome
  4. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are released
  5. Pathogen is degraded
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26
Q

3 types of antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells

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27
Q

What antigen presenting cells do (3 steps)

A
  1. Take in protein antigen
  2. Process antigen
  3. Present peptide fragments bound to MHC molecules to T helper cells
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28
Q

5 non-cellular components of innate immune response

A 
Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Complement
Toll-like receptors
Cytokines
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29
Q

Physical barriers of innate immune system (2)

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

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30
Q

Chemical barriers of innate immune system (3)

A

Acidic pH of stomach
Lysozyme in tears and breast milk
Defensins (antimicrobial peptides)

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31
Q

Complement system: how many serum proteins?

A

Over 30

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32
Q

Complement system is activated by ______ ______.

A

Enzymatic cleavage

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33
Q

Complement system “complements” activity of what?

A

Antibodies

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34
Q

3 functions of complement system

A

Opsonization
Chemotaxis
Membrane attack complex

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35
Q

Opsonization of bacteria by complement system: what happens, example complement factor that participates

A

Microbes are coated for phagocytosis

C3b

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36
Q

Chemotactic factors of complement system: what happens, example complement factor that participates

A

Phagocyte migration from blood to site of infection

C5a

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37
Q

Opsonization by complement steps (3)

A

C3b is bound to microbe
Macrophage recognizes C3b
Phagocytosis of pathogen

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38
Q

In membrane attack complex, what is formed in pathogen membrane that results in degradation of the pathogen? The membrane attack complex can form where in Gram positive bacteria? Gram negative bacteria?

A

Pore
Gram positive bacteria- plasma membrane
Gram negative bacteria- outer membrane

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39
Q

Toll-like receptors are also called _____ _____ receptors.

A

Pattern recognition

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40
Q

At least how many distinct receptors in toll-like receptor family?

A

10

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41
Q

Toll-like receptors bind ___-____ _____ ______.

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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42
Q

Toll-like receptor ____ recognizes LPS.

A

4

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43
Q

Toll-like receptor ____ recognizes peptidoglycan.

A

2

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44
Q

Toll-like receptor ____ recognizes dsRNA. What type of pathogen has dsRNA?

A

3

Viruses

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45
Q

Toll-like receptor ____ recognizes flagellin. What is flagellin?

A

5

Protein that makes up filament of flagella

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46
Q

Toll-like receptor cascade steps (4)

A
  1. TLR binds PAMP, initiating signal transduction cascade
  2. Cascade activates human transcription factor NFkappaB, which moves into nucleus
  3. Genes for cytokines are activated
  4. Cytokines are released from cell
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47
Q

Cytokines bridge ____ and ____ immune responses

A

Innate

Adaptive

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48
Q

Cytokines are ____ _____ molecules.

A

Protein signaling

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49
Q

5 examples of cytokines

A 
Interleukins
Tumor necrosis factor
Chemokines
Interferons
Endogenous pyrogens
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50
Q

3 functions of interleukins

A

Stimulate cell growth
Differentiation
Proliferation

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51
Q

3 functions of tumor necrosis factor

A

Increases vascular permeability
Induces fever
Activates B and T cells

52
Q

What an increase in vascular permeability enables

A

Immune cells in blood vessels to enter regions of infection

53
Q

Chemokines stimulate ___ ___ to ___ ___

A

Cell migration

Infection sites

54
Q

Interferons are produced in response to what? What do they do to these pathogens?

A

Viruses

Block viral replication and assembly

55
Q

Endogenous pyrogens induce what? How do they work (2 steps)?

A

Fever
Circulate to brain
Induce neurons to make prostaglandins

56
Q

3 steps of inflammation

A
  1. Bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
  2. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause redness, heat, and swelling
  3. Inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
57
Q

Non-cellular components of adaptive immune response

A

Antibody
Antigen receptors
Major histocompatability complex (MHC)

58
Q

2 cells of adaptive immunity

A

B cells and T cells

59
Q

B cells come from ___ ___ in ____ ____ and mature in ___ ___.

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

Mature in bone marrow

60
Q

T cells come from ___ ___ in ___ ___ and mature in ___.

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

Mature in thymus

61
Q

2 branches of adaptive immunity

A

Humoral

Cell-mediated

62
Q

Humoral adaptive immunity involves ____ made by ___ ___.

A

Antibodies

B cells

63
Q

Humoral adaptive immunity defends against ____ pathogens.

A

Extracellular

64
Q

Cell mediated adaptive immunity involves what kind of cells defending against what type of pathogens?

A

T cells

Intracellular pathogens

65
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: site of initiation

A

Innate: site of infection
Adaptive: lymphoid organs and tissues

66
Q

Primary lymphoid organs: what happens there, 2 examples

A

Where lymphocytes mature

Bone marrow and thymus

67
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs: what happens there, 2 examples

A

Where lymphocytes engage antigen

Spleen, lymph nodes

68
Q

B cells are activated by what 2 potential sources?

A

T cells and/or antigen

69
Q

2 types of cells that B cells develop into

A

Plasma cells

Memory cells

70
Q

Plasma B cells do what 2 things?

A

Produce and secrete antibodies

71
Q

Memory B cells are ____ and last for _____.

A

Quiescent

Last for decades

72
Q

Under what conditions can memory B cells become activated again? When activated, what do they become?

A

Second exposure to antigen

Plasma cells

73
Q

Antibodies are ____ made by B cells.

A

Proteins

74
Q

Antibodies can be attached to ____ _____ ____ or free in ___ and ____.

A

B cell surface

Blood and tissues

75
Q

Antibodies do what to antigens for what 2 potential purposes?

A

Bind antigens

Neutralization or opsonization

76
Q

Affinity definition in context of antibodies

A

Strength with which antibody binds to antigen

77
Q

Epitope

A

Part of antigen that antibodies bind

78
Q

Can one antigen have more than one epitope? If so, do they bind to the same or different antibodies?

A

Can have several epitopes

Different antibodies

79
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
80
Q

IgM: features (2)

A

First antibody produced after antigen exposure

IgM secreting plasma cells can switch and produce other Ig class

81
Q

IgG: features (3)

A

Major Ig in serum
Can cross placenta
Can activate complement

82
Q

IgA feature

A

Major Ig in secretions (saliva, breast milk, tears)

83
Q

IgE: feature

A

Allergic reactions called type 1 hypersensitivities

84
Q

IgD: features (2)

A

Found on B cell surfaces

Role in signaling

85
Q

Half life of Ig is measured in what?

A

Days

86
Q

Which class of Ig is the most stable? About how long is its half life?

A

IgG

About 20 days

87
Q

Antibodies are made up of 2 identical ___ ____ and 2 identical ___ ___.

A

Heavy chains

Light chains

88
Q

Where on the antibody is the antigen binding site? What is this region called?

A

Outer portion of light chain and outer portion of heavy chain
Variable region

89
Q

Fc fragment is located where on the antibody?

A

Lower sections of heavy chain

90
Q

Fab fragment is located where on antibody?

A

Upper section of heavy chain and light chain

91
Q

Light and heavy chains and 2 heavy chains are connected by what type of bonds?

A

Disulfide

92
Q

Process of antibody gene segment rearrangement is called what?

A

VDJ recombination

93
Q

4 gene segments for heavy chain

A

Variable
Diversity
Joining
Constant

94
Q

3 gene segments for light chain

A

Variable
Joining
Constant

95
Q

What are the enzymes that carry out VDJ recombination?

A

Recombination activating gene (RAG) enzymes

96
Q

In which cells are RAG enzymes active? How do they carry out VDJ recombination?

A

B cells

Randomly cut and paste gene segments together

97
Q

Order of antibody gene assembly in heavy chain

A

D, then J, then V

98
Q

Antigen binding sites are made from what gene segments in heavy chains? Light chains?

A

Heavy chains: V, D, J

Light chains: V, J

99
Q

When does VDJ rearrangement occur in the life cycle?

A

Early in embryonic life, before infection

100
Q

Tolerance in antibodies is formed how?

A

Removal of self-reactive B cells

101
Q

Clonal selection: 3 steps

A
  1. Antibodies are generated randomly before infection
  2. Upon infection, antigen “selects” B cell with antibody that matches it
  3. B cell proliferates, forming clone of identical cells, each with antibody for the antigen
102
Q

Where does tolerance in antibodies occur?

A

Bone marrow

103
Q

Major mechanism of tolerance in antibodies is called what?

A

Clonal deletion

104
Q

Secondary exposure for adaptive immune system: speed and magnitude compared to primary exposure, what cells are activated, basis of what practice?

A

Faster and greater than primary exposure
Memory B cells are activated
Basis of immunization

105
Q

Lag period in adaptive immune response

A

Time it takes for antibodies to be generated after exposure to antigen

106
Q

When are T cells activated?

A

When their receptors bind antigens presented by other cells

107
Q

Helper T cells: functions (2)

A

Make cytokines

Activate B cells, macrophages, or other T cells

108
Q

Cytotoxic T cells: function

A

Kill cells expressing foreign antigen

109
Q

2 chemicals used by Tc cells

A

Perforins (form pores)

Granzymes (induce apoptosis)

110
Q

Cluster of differentiation molecules: 2 purposes

A

Co-receptors for T cells

Determine T cell’s identity

111
Q

What is the CD for T helper cells? T cytotoxic cells?

A

T helper cells: CD4

T cytotoxic cells: CD8

112
Q

T cell receptors are made up of how many polypeptide chains? What 2 types of regions? Bound to T cell or can exist apart from T cell?

A

2 polypeptide chains
Variable and constant regions
Bound to T cell

113
Q

When can T cell receptors bind antigens?

A

When presented to them by other cells in the context of a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule

114
Q

T cell receptors are expressed from gene segments rearranged in which organ?

A

Thymus

115
Q

MHC is a collection of genes encoding what?

A

Cell surface proteins for self/nonself recognition

116
Q

In humans, MHC is also called what?

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex

117
Q

Humans have how many sets of MHC genes? How many are expressed?

A 
2 sets (one from each parent)
Both are expressed
118
Q

How does relation influence HLA similarity?

A

The closer 2 people are related, the more similar their HLAs

119
Q

Class I MHCs are found on what types of cells?

A

All nucleated cells of body

120
Q

Class II MHCs are found on what types of cells?

A

Only on antigen presenting cells (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)

121
Q

Class I MHCs present peptides that originate where from what type of pathogens? What type of T cells do they present to?

A

Cytoplasm
Intracellular pathogens
CD8 cytotoxic T cells

122
Q

Class II MHCs present peptides that come from what type of pathogens taken up how? What type of T cells do they present to?

A

Extracellular pathogens
Taken up by phagocytosis
CD4 helper T cells

123
Q

4 steps of antigen processing and 1 step of antigen presentation

A
  1. Dendritic cell takes up pathogen for degradation
  2. Pathogen is taken apart inside dendritic cell
  3. Pathogen proteins are unfolded and cut into small pieces
  4. Peptides bind to MHC molecules and the complexes go to the cell surface
  5. T cell receptors bind to peptide: MHC complexes on dendritic cell surface
124
Q

How long are peptides presented by MHC molecules?

A

About 10 amino acids in length

125
Q

Another name for white blood cells, particularly neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

126
Q

Membrane attack complex is made up of what complement proteins?

A

C5-9

Microbiology (24 decks)

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