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Microbiology > Microbial Control and Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Microbial Control and Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cidal

A

Kills microbes

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2
Q

Static

A

Inhibits microbial growth

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3
Q

Sterilization

A

Process by which all living cells, spores, and viruses are destroyed or removed

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4
Q

Disinfection

A

Reduction of microbial population, destruction of pathogens

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5
Q

Sanitization

A

Reduction of microbial contamination to levels safe by public health standards

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6
Q

Antiseptic

A

Chemical agent applied to tissue to prevent infection by inhibition or killing

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7
Q

Microbial control method: mechanical removal

A

Filtration

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8
Q

Microbial control method: chemical agent

A

Gases

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9
Q

Microbial control method: physical agents

A

Radiation, heat

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10
Q

Radiation with UV: can it be used to sterilize? What is an issue with it? What is it mainly used for?

A

Can be used to sterilize
Poorly penetrates
Mostly used to disinfect

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11
Q

Radiation with ionizing (X, gamma ray) radiation: does it penetrate? What is it used for?

A

Penetrates

Used to sterilize

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12
Q

What type of heat is more effective than what other type of heat in microbial control methods?

A

Moist is more effective than dry

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13
Q

What machine uses steam under pressure? What are the standard conditions for this machine?

A

Autoclave

15 psi, 121 degrees C, 15 minutes

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14
Q

Pasteurization conditions for beer and fruit juice

A

63 degrees C, 30 minutes, rapid cool

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15
Q

Pasteurization conditions for milk

A

72 degrees C, 15 seconds, rapid cool

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16
Q

Does pasteurization sterilize? Does it kill only a few or many pathogens? List 3 examples of pathogens killed by pasteurization.

A

Doesn’t sterilize
Kills most pathogens
Listeria, Salmonella, Campylobacter

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17
Q

Antimicrobial agents are used to treat ____. How do they do this (2 ways)?

A

Disease

Destroy or inhibit growth of pathogenic microbes

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18
Q

Most antimicrobial agents are _____. What is the definition for these agents?

A

Antibiotics

Microbial products that kill or inhibit

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19
Q

Streptomyces requires how many enzymatic reactions to make tetracycline?

A

Over 70

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20
Q

Paul Ehrlich developed what theory which proposes what?

A

Selective toxicity

Compounds used in antimicrobial therapy should target microbes but not human cells

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21
Q

Who accidentally rediscovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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22
Q

Florey, Chain, and Heatley purified _____ and injected into mice infected with _____. What happened to the mice?

A

Penicillin
Staphylococcus
Mice survived

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23
Q

Waksman identified what antibiotic by culturing over 10,000 stains of what?

A

Streptomycin

Soil bacteria

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24
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

Attack many different pathogens

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25
Q

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics

A

Attack only a few pathogens

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26
Q

Antimicrobial agents can target which 5 parts/functions of bacteria?

A 
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Nucleic acid synthesis
Protein synthesis
Metabolic enzymes
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27
Q

Cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria includes what 2 components?

A

Outer membrane

Thin peptidoglycan layer

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28
Q

Periplasmic space of Gram-negative cell ranges between what 2 outer components of Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Outer membrane
Plasma membrane
(Includes peptidoglycan layer)

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29
Q

4 examples of cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Penicillins (beta lactams)
Cephalosporins (beta lactams)
Vancomycin
Bacitracin

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30
Q

Penicilliins: most are ____ spectrum, attacking Gram ____ bacteria, and are ____.

A

Narrow
Gram positive
Cidal

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31
Q

Ampicillin is a ___ spectrum penicillin, attacking Gram positive, negative, or both bacteria

A

Broad

Gram positive and negative

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32
Q

2 structural features of penicillins

A

Beta lactam ring (know how to draw)

R group

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33
Q

What does the R group of penicillin affect?

A

Stability and spectrum of drug

34
Q

Penicillinases attack which bond of penicillin?

A

Carboxyl C-N bond on beta-lactam ring

35
Q

Penicillin binding proteins

A

Bacterial enzymes that catalyze the transpeptidation reaction that cross links peptidoglycan

36
Q

Penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit cell wall synthesis how?

A

Block penicillin binding proteins, causing peptidoglycan synthesis to stop and cells to undergo osmotic lysis

37
Q

Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis how?

A

Binds terminal D-Ala, blocking transpeptidation

38
Q

Initial subunit of peptidoglycan synthesis: made where, how moved across plasma membrane to site of synthesis?

A

Made in cytoplasm

Moved across plasma membrane to site of synthesis by carrier molecule

39
Q

Bacitracin inhibits cell wall synthesis how?

A

Blocks carrier of initial peptidoglycan subunit from transporting subunit to site of synthesis

40
Q

Is bacitracin safe for oral use? If not, how is it used?

A

Not safe for oral use (toxic)

Used topically

41
Q

2 classes of plasma membrane inhibitors

A

Polymyxins

Antifungal agents

42
Q

Polymyxins: cidal or static, narrow or broad spectrum, attack Gram negative or positive bacteria?

A

Cidal
Narrow
Attack Gram negative

43
Q

Polymyxins inhibit plasma membranes how?

A

Disrupt lipid bilayer

44
Q

Example polymyxin: name and mechanism of action

A

Colisitin

Binds outer membrane LPS

45
Q

Azoles: example, inhibit plasma membrane how?

A

Fluconazole

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis (sterols stabilize plasma membrane)

46
Q

Azoles are used to treat what 2 types of infections caused by what 2 types of fungus?

A 
Yeast infections (Candida)
Athlete's foot (Tinea pedis)
47
Q

Nystatin: inhibits plasma membrane how, used to treat what infection caused by what fungus?

A

Binds ergosterol

Candida yeast infections

48
Q

Chemical reactions of metabolic pathways are ____ by ____.

A

Catalyzed

Enzymes

49
Q

Enzymes bind what?

A

Substrates

50
Q

2 examples of metabolic enzyme inhibitors

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

51
Q

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim: natural or synthetic origin, cidal or static?

A

Synthetic

Static

52
Q

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim function as ______. What does this mean?

A

Antimetabolites
Structurally similar to substrates for folic acid synthesis, so bacterial enzymes bind to drug instead of natural substrate

53
Q

Folic acid is needed for synthesis of what 2 molecules in bacteria?

A

Purines

Pyrimidines

54
Q

2 examples of nucleic acid inhibitors

A

Quinolones

Rifampin

55
Q

Quinolones: natural or synthetic origin, cidal or static?

A

Synthetic

Cidal

56
Q

Quinolones inhibit what enzyme which is used for what process?

A

DNA gyrase

Underwinds DNA in replication

57
Q

2 examples of quinolones

A

Nalidixic acid

Ciprofloxacin

58
Q

Rifampin: cidal or static? Mechanism of nucleic acid inhibition?

A

Cidal

Inhibits RNA polymerase (transcription)

59
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors take advantage of differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ___ and ____ ____ ____.

A

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis machinery

60
Q

Are protein synthesis inhibitors broad or narrow spectrum?

A

Broad

61
Q

4 classes of protein synthesis inhibitors

A

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol

62
Q

Aminoglycosides: cidal or static, mechanism of action

A

Cidal

Bind 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA codons

63
Q

2 examples of aminoglycosides

A

Streptomycin

Kanamycin

64
Q

Tetracyclines: cidal or static, low or high toxicity, mechanism of action

A

Static
Low toxicity (widely used)
Bind 30S ribosomal subunit, blocking tRNA+amino acid binding to A site

65
Q

Example of tetracyclines, used for treatment of what 3 conditions

A

Doxycycline

Used for Lyme disease, pneumonia, acne

66
Q

Macrolides: cidal or static, mechanism of action

A

Static

Bind 23S rRNA of 50S ribosomal subunit, blocking peptide bond formation

67
Q

2 examples of macrolides

A

Erythromycin

Azithromycin (Z pack)

68
Q

Chloramphenicol: same mechanism of action as what class of drugs, low or high toxicity

A

Macrolides

Toxic, so only used in life-threatening situations

69
Q

Why are there so few antiviral drugs?

A

Viruses have few unique metabolic processes that can be targeted

70
Q

2 examples of antiviral drugs

A

Tamiflu

Acyclovir

71
Q

Acyclovir: mechanism of action

A

Inhibits DNA polymerase of herpes virus

72
Q

Tamiflu: mechanism of action

A

Blocks neuraminidase of influenza virus

73
Q

HAART: what does it stand for, what is it, what is it used to treat, 2 major goals of it

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Cocktail of antiviral reagents
Used to treat HIV
Decrease viral load, increase helper T cells

74
Q

2 antiretroviral drugs

A

Azidothymidine (AZT)

Ritonavir

75
Q

Azidothymidine (AZT): mechanism of action

A

Drug is similar in structure to thymidine, so reverse transcriptase mistakes drug for thymidine
Azido group on drug stops further synthesis of DNA

76
Q

Ritonavir: mechanism of action

A

Targets HIV protease that processes viral proteins for virion assembly

77
Q

Antimalarial drugs target what protozoan?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

78
Q

2 antimalarial drugs and their mechanisms of action

A

Chloroquine blocks heme polymerization

Malorone blocks electron transport and pyrimidine synthesis

79
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl): used to treat what 3 potential microbes, drug or prodrug

A

Giardia, other protists, some bacteria

Prodrug: not useful until activated

80
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl): mechanism of action

A

Drug enters pathogen and is activated by reduction

When activated, nicks pathogen DNA

Microbiology (24 decks)

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