Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Microbial Control and Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Microbial Control and Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Cidal

A

Kills microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Static

A

Inhibits microbial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sterilization

A

Process by which all living cells, spores, and viruses are destroyed or removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Disinfection

A

Reduction of microbial population, destruction of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sanitization

A

Reduction of microbial contamination to levels safe by public health standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antiseptic

A

Chemical agent applied to tissue to prevent infection by inhibition or killing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Microbial control method: mechanical removal

A

Filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Microbial control method: chemical agent

A

Gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Microbial control method: physical agents

A

Radiation, heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Radiation with UV: can it be used to sterilize? What is an issue with it? What is it mainly used for?

A

Can be used to sterilize
Poorly penetrates
Mostly used to disinfect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Radiation with ionizing (X, gamma ray) radiation: does it penetrate? What is it used for?

A

Penetrates

Used to sterilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of heat is more effective than what other type of heat in microbial control methods?

A

Moist is more effective than dry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What machine uses steam under pressure? What are the standard conditions for this machine?

A

Autoclave

15 psi, 121 degrees C, 15 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pasteurization conditions for beer and fruit juice

A

63 degrees C, 30 minutes, rapid cool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pasteurization conditions for milk

A

72 degrees C, 15 seconds, rapid cool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does pasteurization sterilize? Does it kill only a few or many pathogens? List 3 examples of pathogens killed by pasteurization.

A

Doesn’t sterilize
Kills most pathogens
Listeria, Salmonella, Campylobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antimicrobial agents are used to treat ____. How do they do this (2 ways)?

A

Disease

Destroy or inhibit growth of pathogenic microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most antimicrobial agents are _____. What is the definition for these agents?

A

Antibiotics

Microbial products that kill or inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Streptomyces requires how many enzymatic reactions to make tetracycline?

A

Over 70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Paul Ehrlich developed what theory which proposes what?

A

Selective toxicity

Compounds used in antimicrobial therapy should target microbes but not human cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who accidentally rediscovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Florey, Chain, and Heatley purified _____ and injected into mice infected with _____. What happened to the mice?

A

Penicillin
Staphylococcus
Mice survived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Waksman identified what antibiotic by culturing over 10,000 stains of what?

A

Streptomycin

Soil bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

Attack many different pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
Attack only a few pathogens
26
Antimicrobial agents can target which 5 parts/functions of bacteria?
``` Cell wall Plasma membrane Nucleic acid synthesis Protein synthesis Metabolic enzymes ```
27
Cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria includes what 2 components?
Outer membrane | Thin peptidoglycan layer
28
Periplasmic space of Gram-negative cell ranges between what 2 outer components of Gram-negative bacteria?
Outer membrane Plasma membrane (Includes peptidoglycan layer)
29
4 examples of cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Penicillins (beta lactams) Cephalosporins (beta lactams) Vancomycin Bacitracin
30
Penicilliins: most are ____ spectrum, attacking Gram ____ bacteria, and are ____.
Narrow Gram positive Cidal
31
Ampicillin is a ___ spectrum penicillin, attacking Gram positive, negative, or both bacteria
Broad | Gram positive and negative
32
2 structural features of penicillins
Beta lactam ring (know how to draw) | R group
33
What does the R group of penicillin affect?
Stability and spectrum of drug
34
Penicillinases attack which bond of penicillin?
Carboxyl C-N bond on beta-lactam ring
35
Penicillin binding proteins
Bacterial enzymes that catalyze the transpeptidation reaction that cross links peptidoglycan
36
Penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit cell wall synthesis how?
Block penicillin binding proteins, causing peptidoglycan synthesis to stop and cells to undergo osmotic lysis
37
Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis how?
Binds terminal D-Ala, blocking transpeptidation
38
Initial subunit of peptidoglycan synthesis: made where, how moved across plasma membrane to site of synthesis?
Made in cytoplasm | Moved across plasma membrane to site of synthesis by carrier molecule
39
Bacitracin inhibits cell wall synthesis how?
Blocks carrier of initial peptidoglycan subunit from transporting subunit to site of synthesis
40
Is bacitracin safe for oral use? If not, how is it used?
Not safe for oral use (toxic) | Used topically
41
2 classes of plasma membrane inhibitors
Polymyxins | Antifungal agents
42
Polymyxins: cidal or static, narrow or broad spectrum, attack Gram negative or positive bacteria?
Cidal Narrow Attack Gram negative
43
Polymyxins inhibit plasma membranes how?
Disrupt lipid bilayer
44
Example polymyxin: name and mechanism of action
Colisitin | Binds outer membrane LPS
45
Azoles: example, inhibit plasma membrane how?
Fluconazole | Inhibit ergosterol synthesis (sterols stabilize plasma membrane)
46
Azoles are used to treat what 2 types of infections caused by what 2 types of fungus?
``` Yeast infections (Candida) Athlete's foot (Tinea pedis) ```
47
Nystatin: inhibits plasma membrane how, used to treat what infection caused by what fungus?
Binds ergosterol | Candida yeast infections
48
Chemical reactions of metabolic pathways are ____ by ____.
Catalyzed | Enzymes
49
Enzymes bind what?
Substrates
50
2 examples of metabolic enzyme inhibitors
Sulfonamides | Trimethoprim
51
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim: natural or synthetic origin, cidal or static?
Synthetic | Static
52
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim function as ______. What does this mean?
Antimetabolites Structurally similar to substrates for folic acid synthesis, so bacterial enzymes bind to drug instead of natural substrate
53
Folic acid is needed for synthesis of what 2 molecules in bacteria?
Purines | Pyrimidines
54
2 examples of nucleic acid inhibitors
Quinolones | Rifampin
55
Quinolones: natural or synthetic origin, cidal or static?
Synthetic | Cidal
56
Quinolones inhibit what enzyme which is used for what process?
DNA gyrase | Underwinds DNA in replication
57
2 examples of quinolones
Nalidixic acid | Ciprofloxacin
58
Rifampin: cidal or static? Mechanism of nucleic acid inhibition?
Cidal | Inhibits RNA polymerase (transcription)
59
Protein synthesis inhibitors take advantage of differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ___ and ____ ____ ____.
Ribosomes | Protein synthesis machinery
60
Are protein synthesis inhibitors broad or narrow spectrum?
Broad
61
4 classes of protein synthesis inhibitors
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Chloramphenicol
62
Aminoglycosides: cidal or static, mechanism of action
Cidal | Bind 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA codons
63
2 examples of aminoglycosides
Streptomycin | Kanamycin
64
Tetracyclines: cidal or static, low or high toxicity, mechanism of action
Static Low toxicity (widely used) Bind 30S ribosomal subunit, blocking tRNA+amino acid binding to A site
65
Example of tetracyclines, used for treatment of what 3 conditions
Doxycycline | Used for Lyme disease, pneumonia, acne
66
Macrolides: cidal or static, mechanism of action
Static | Bind 23S rRNA of 50S ribosomal subunit, blocking peptide bond formation
67
2 examples of macrolides
Erythromycin | Azithromycin (Z pack)
68
Chloramphenicol: same mechanism of action as what class of drugs, low or high toxicity
Macrolides | Toxic, so only used in life-threatening situations
69
Why are there so few antiviral drugs?
Viruses have few unique metabolic processes that can be targeted
70
2 examples of antiviral drugs
Tamiflu | Acyclovir
71
Acyclovir: mechanism of action
Inhibits DNA polymerase of herpes virus
72
Tamiflu: mechanism of action
Blocks neuraminidase of influenza virus
73
HAART: what does it stand for, what is it, what is it used to treat, 2 major goals of it
Highly active antiretroviral therapy Cocktail of antiviral reagents Used to treat HIV Decrease viral load, increase helper T cells
74
2 antiretroviral drugs
Azidothymidine (AZT) | Ritonavir
75
Azidothymidine (AZT): mechanism of action
Drug is similar in structure to thymidine, so reverse transcriptase mistakes drug for thymidine Azido group on drug stops further synthesis of DNA
76
Ritonavir: mechanism of action
Targets HIV protease that processes viral proteins for virion assembly
77
Antimalarial drugs target what protozoan?
Plasmodium falciparum
78
2 antimalarial drugs and their mechanisms of action
Chloroquine blocks heme polymerization | Malorone blocks electron transport and pyrimidine synthesis
79
Metronidazole (Flagyl): used to treat what 3 potential microbes, drug or prodrug
Giardia, other protists, some bacteria | Prodrug: not useful until activated
80
Metronidazole (Flagyl): mechanism of action
Drug enters pathogen and is activated by reduction | When activated, nicks pathogen DNA

Microbiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions