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Microbiology > Metabolism I > Flashcards

Metabolism I Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in a cell

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

Reactions that build cells

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4
Q

Energy from anabolism comes from what?

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

What is the energy currency of cells?

A

ATP

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6
Q

3 parts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Adenine (base)
Ribose (sugar)
3 phosphate groups

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7
Q

Adenosine

A

Adenine plus ribose

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8
Q

What do the phosphate groups of ATP serve as?

A

Energy storage

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9
Q

Phosphate group removal from ATP results in what?

A

Large negative standard free energy change (delta G)

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10
Q

4 energy-generating reactions for cells

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Photosynthesis

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11
Q

From where is ATP generated for aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

From where is ATP generated for fermentation?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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13
Q

From where is ATP generated for photosynthesis?

A

Photophosphorylation

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14
Q

Enzyme definition

A

Proteins (usually) that catalyze reactions

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15
Q

Exception to enzymes being proteins

A

Ribozymes are catalytic RNAs

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16
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy required to bring reacting molecules together

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17
Q

How do enzymes increase reaction rates?

A

Lower activation energy

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18
Q

Phosphatase

A

Enzyme that removes phosphate

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19
Q

Kinase

A

Enzyme that attaches phosphate

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20
Q

Cellulase

A

Enzyme that acts on cellulose

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21
Q

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

A

Increase local concentrations of substrates

Orient substrates properly for reactions to proceed

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22
Q

Oxidation in redox reactions

A

Removal of electrons

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23
Q

Reduction in redox reactions

A

Addition of electrons

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24
Q

“OIL RIG” in redox reactions

A

Oxidation Is Loss

Reduction Is Gain

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25
Q

Substance ____ is donor, substance ____ is acceptor

A

Oxidized

Reduced

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26
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions often involve not just the transfer of electrons but both an _____.

A

Electron + proton

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27
Q

Redox couple

A

Oxidation-reduction pair

Acceptor + donor

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28
Q

Reduction potential (E0): what is it and what does it measure?

A

Equilibrium constant for redox reaction

Measures tendency of donors to lose electrons

29
Q

More negative E0, better ____

More positive E0, better ____

A

More negative E0: better donor

More positive E0: better acceptor

30
Q

Half reaction formula

A

Acceptor + number of electrons -> donor

31
Q

Couples with more ___ E0 will donate electrons to couples with more ___ E0

A

More negative E0 donate to couples with more positive E0

32
Q

Electron tower

A

Displays redox pairs according to E0: more negative at top (better electron donors), more positive at bottom (better electron acceptors)

33
Q

Great electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

34
Q

Great electron donor

A

Hydrogen

35
Q

The greater the difference between two redox pairs in the electron tower, the more negative the ___ and the greater ___ can be released

A

More negative the delta G value

Greater energy can be released

36
Q

Freely diffusible electron carrier: what can it do, what are examples

A

Can diffuse around cytoplasm of cell

Examples: NAD+ and NADP+

37
Q

“Reducing power” of the cell: what two molecules?

A

NADH and NADPH

38
Q

Membrane bound electron carrier: examples

A

Flavoproteins
Cytochromes
Quinones

39
Q

Microbes transfer energy by moving electrons from what to what to what to what?

A

Reduced food molecules (glucose) -> diffusible carriers in cytoplasm -> membrane-bound carriers -> O2, metals, or oxidized forms of N and S

40
Q

2 classifications of carbon metabolizers

A

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

41
Q

Heterotrophs: what is carbon source, what is yielded, what types of organisms

A

Reduced, preformed organic compounds as carbon source
Convert large amounts of carbon to CO2
Animals and microbes

42
Q

Autotrophs: what is carbon source, what is yielded, what types of organisms

A

CO2 as carbon source
Synthesize organic compounds used by heterotrophs
Plants and microbes

43
Q

Autotrophs are also called what?

A

Primary producers

44
Q

2 classifications of energy users

A

Phototrophs

Chemotrophs

45
Q

Phototrophs: energy source

A

Light

46
Q

Chemotrophs: energy source

A

Oxidation of chemical compounds (often same as their carbon source)

47
Q

2 classifications of electron users

A

Lithotrophs

Organotrophs

48
Q

Lithotrophs: electron source, what types of organisms

A

Use inorganic molecules as electron donors

Unique to a few bacteria and archaea

49
Q

Organotrophs: electron source

A

Organic molecules as donors

50
Q

Organotrophs: many different energy sources are funneled into common _____ pathways

A

Degradative

51
Q

Organotrophs: most pathways generate ___ or intermediates of the pathways used in ___ metabolism

A

Glucose, glucose

52
Q

Two functions of organic energy sources

A

Oxidized to release energy

Provide building blocks for anabolism

53
Q

Amphibolic pathway

A

Metabolic pathway that functions both catabolically and anabolically

54
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Process that completely catabolizes an organic energy source to CO2

55
Q

Aerobic respiration uses these 4 methods for catabolism

A

Glycolytic pathways (glycolysis)
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Electron transport chain with oxygen as final electron acceptor
Production of ATP (most indirectly, via electron transport chain)

56
Q

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate: 3 pathways

A

Embden-Meyerhof (glycolysis)
Pentose phosphate
Entner-Doudoroff

57
Q

Embden-Meyerhof (glycolysis): how commonly is it used for glucose breakdown, where does it occur, does it need oxygen, how many reactions in how many stages?

A

Most common form of glucose breakdown
Occurs in cytoplasm
Functions in presence or absence of oxygen
Ten reactions in 2 stages

58
Q

2 stages of glycolysis

A

6 carbon stage and 3 carbon stage

59
Q

6 carbon stage: reactions, is ATP generated or used

A

Glucose is phosphorylated twice to yield fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
ATP is used

60
Q

3 carbon stage: reactions, is ATP generated or used

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is split into 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates then converted to pyruvate
ATP is generated

61
Q

What two molecules are generated from the 3 carbon stage of glycolysis and what type of reactions generate them?

A

NADH (oxidation)

ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)

62
Q

Net yield of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

63
Q

Is glycolysis a catabolic, anabolic, or amphibolic pathway?

A

Amphibolic

64
Q

Precursor metabolites yielded from glycolysis

A

Starting molecules for biosynthesis (glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate)

65
Q

What does fructose-6 phosphate yield that is important for bacterial cell walls?

A

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid: sugars used in peptidoglycan

66
Q

3 NADH and ATP generating steps in glycolysis

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated to generate a high-energy phosphate bond; NAD+ is reduced to NADH; 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is formed
  2. Substrate level phosphorylation of ADP by high energy metabolic substrate; 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
  3. Substrate level phosphorylation produces ATP; phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
67
Q

Enzyme that reduces NAD+ to NADH in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate step in 3 carbon stage of glycolysis

A

G3P dehydrogenase

68
Q

Enzyme that produces 3-phosphoglycerate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in 3 carbon stage of glycolysis

A

3PG kinase

69
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

A

Pyruvate kinase

Microbiology (24 decks)

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