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Microbiology > Bacterial Diversity > Flashcards

Bacterial Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 branches of phylogenetic tree

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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2
Q

How is grouping into branches of phylogenetic tree determined?

A

Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA)

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3
Q

Type of small subunit ribosomal RNA that bacteria and archaea have: name and function

A

16S rRNA

In translation, aligns Shine-Dalgarno sequence with ribosome

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4
Q

Type of small subunit ribosomal RNA that eukaryotes have

A

18S rRNA

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5
Q

Name of system used to name microbes and two components that comprise a microbe’s name

A

Binomial system (genus and species)

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6
Q

Taxonomical order

A

Domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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7
Q

Phylum

A

Group sharing a common ancestor

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8
Q

Genus

A

Well defined group of one or more strains

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9
Q

Thermus aquaticus: what phylum?

A

Deinococcus-Thermus

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10
Q

Thermus aquaticus: what type of extremophile is it? What is its growth temperature?

A

Thermophile

Grows at 70-75 degrees Celsius

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11
Q

Thermus aquaticus provides what reagent for PCR?

A

Taq polymerase

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12
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans: what phylum?

A

Deinococcus-Thermus

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13
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans: is it a thermophile? Is it resistant to anything? What is its speed of DNA repair?

A

Not a thermophile
Extremely resistant to radiation and dessication
Rapid DNA repair

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14
Q

Shape of Deinococcus radiodurans

A

Tetrad (4 cocci in a 2x2 square)

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15
Q

What phylum includes many photosynthetic bacteria?

A

Cyanobacteria

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16
Q

Cyanobacteria are _____ ______ in many ecosystems, meaning that they produce carbohydrates for heterotrophs.

A

Primary producers

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17
Q

Cyanobacteria: photosynthetic? If so, what type of photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthetic, oxygenic

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18
Q

How many photosystems do Cyanobacteria use?

A

2 photosystems: PSI and PSII

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19
Q

What does an oxygenic photosynthesizer use as an electron donor, and what does it produce?

A

Electron donor: water

Produces O2

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20
Q

Cyanobacteria generate _____ and ______ through oxygenic photosynthesis that are used in ______ _____ to fix ____.

A

ATP
NADPH
Calvin cycle
CO2

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21
Q

Cyanobacteria have what 2 subcellular structures?

A

Thylakoids

Carboxysomes

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22
Q

Thylakoids: what pigment used in which photosynthetic reactions?

A

Chlorophyll

Light reactions

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23
Q

Carboxysomes: what enzyme used in what cycle?

A

RubisCO

Calvin cycle

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24
Q

2 example genera of Cyanobacteria

A

Prochlorococcus

Anabaena

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25
Q

Prochlorococcus lives where? What is its concentration there?

A

Tropical oceans

Over 100,000 cells/mL

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26
Q

Prochlorococcus: relative size compared to other photosynthetic organisms, actual size

A

Smallest known photosynthetic organism

1 micrometer

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27
Q

Prochlorococcus carries out which type of photosynthesis? What light gathering pigment does it use?

A

Oxygenic

Chlorophyll

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28
Q

What do thylakoids look like in Prochlorococcus?

A

Rings

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29
Q

What is the relative and actual size of the Prochlorococcus genome?

A

Small genome

About 2000 genes

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30
Q

Anabaena: Gram positive or negative? Environment?

A

Gram negative

Aquatic

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31
Q

What 2 processes does Anabaena carry out?

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Nitrogen fixation

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32
Q

Nitrogen fixation: what is reduced to what?

A

Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is reduced to ammonia (NH3)

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33
Q

One problem that Anabaena face in nitrogen fixation and how it solves that problem

A

Problem: enzyme nitrogenase used in nitrogen fixation is sensitive to oxygen
Solution: vegetative cells are differentiated into heterocysts, which are devoid of oxygen and can fix nitrogen

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34
Q

Ammonia inside Anabaena heterocysts is incorporated into what amino acid?

A

Glutamate

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35
Q

Vegetative cells of Anabaena carry out what process?

A

Photosynthesis

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36
Q

2 way feeding of Anabaena vegetative cells and heterocysts

A

Vegetative cells carry out photosynthesis, converting CO2 into carbohydrate
Carbohydrate is brought into heterocysts and is used as a carbon and electron source
Glutamate from the heterocysts is converted into carbohydrate to feed vegetative cells

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37
Q

Which phylum includes many obligate intracellular pathogenic bacteria?

A

Chlamydiae

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38
Q

Example genus of Chlamydiae

A

Chlamydia

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39
Q

Chlamydia: Gram positive or negative? What is its relationship with other cells?

A

Gram negative

Obligate intracellular bacteria (requires other cells to replicate)

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40
Q

2 examples of Chlamydia that are pathogenic and the diseases that they cause

A

C. pneumoniae (respiratory infections)

C. trachomatis (STD)

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41
Q

2 cell types of Chlamydia

A

Elementary body

Reticulate body

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42
Q

Elementary body of Chlamydia: can it replicate? Is it infectious? Does it exist inside or outside of host cell?

A

Dormant (cannot replicate)
Infectious
Extracellular

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43
Q

What elementary body of Chlamydia does (3 steps)

A

Attaches to cell
Enters cell
Develops into reticulate body

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44
Q

Reticulate body of Chlamydia: can it replicate? Is it infectious? Does it exist inside or outside of host cell?

A

Reproductive
Non-infectious
Intracellular

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45
Q

What reticulate body of Chlamydia does (2 steps)

A

Develops back into elementary body

Elementary body is released from cell

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46
Q

Which phylum contains flexible, helical shaped bacteria?

A

Spirochaetes

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47
Q

Where are the flagella located within Spriochaetes? What is the term for this type of flagella?

A

Located within periplasm

Axial filament

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48
Q

How much of the Spirochaetes cell is turned when its flagella rotate?

A

The whole cell

49
Q

2 pathogenic strains of Spirochaetes and the diseases they cause

A 
Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
50
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi causes what type of rash? What is the formal name for this type of rash?

A

Bulls eye rash

Erythema Migrans

51
Q

What phylum of bacteria includes many bacteria found in the intestinal tract?

A

Bacteroidetes

52
Q

Example genus of Bacteroidetes

A

Bacteroides

53
Q

Bacteroides have what relationship with oxygen?

A

Obligate anaerobes: oxygen is toxic

54
Q

Bacteroides are important bacteria of what human organ system?

A

Intestinal tract

55
Q

About what percent of bacteria cultured from human feces are Bacteroides?

A

30%

56
Q

Bacteroides degrade what structures?

A

Complex, dietary polysaccharides

57
Q

What phylum comprises the largest group of bacteria?

A

Proteobacteria

58
Q

Proteobacteria: Gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative

59
Q

5 major classes of Proteobacteria

A

Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon

60
Q

Proteobacteria can include what type of carbon users?

A

Heterotrophs (reduced organic compounds as carbon sources)

61
Q

Proteobacteria can include what type of energy users?

A

Phototrophs

62
Q

Proteobacteria can include what type of electron users?

A

Lithotrophs (inorganic compounds as electron donors)

63
Q

Alpha Proteobacteria: some are what type of carbon and energy users?

A

Photoheterotrophs

64
Q

Alpha Proteobacteria: photosynthesis? If so, what type and what does that mean for its source of electrons?

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis (cannot split water as source of electrons, so no O2 produced)

65
Q

Alpha Proteobacteria use what type of light harvesting pigment?

A

Bacteriochlorophyll

66
Q

Some Alpha Proteobacteria are _______, so they live off of other organisms.

A

Endosymbionts

67
Q

Examples of endosymbiotic Alpha Proteobacteria and what they do

A

Rhizobium (fixes N2 in root nodules)
Argobacterium (T DNA causes plant tumors/galls)
Rickettsia (obligate intracellular bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever carried by ticks)

68
Q

Example genus of Alpha Proteobacteria that has two distinct cell types

A

Caulobacter

69
Q

Caulobacter: Gram positive or negative? Environment?

A

Gram negative

Aquatic

70
Q

Caulobacter are dimorphic. What does that mean?

A

They differentiate between two cell types created by cell division

71
Q

Cell division of Caulobacter generates what 2 types of cells? Which is motile and which is non-motile?

A

Motile swarmer cells

Non-motile stalked cells

72
Q

How is the stalk of stalked Caulobacter cells created?

A

Pushing out of cell membrane

73
Q

The tip of the Caulobacter stalk is called what and is made up of what?

A

Holdfast

Made of sticky polysaccharides

74
Q

2 functions of Caulobacter’s stalk

A

Enables microbial attachment via holdfast

Increases surface area for nutrient uptake (stalk grows longer in nutrient limiting conditions)

75
Q

What is the difference between swarmer and stalked cells of Caulobacter in terms of DNA replication?

A

Swarmer cells cannot replicate their DNA, but stalked cells can

76
Q

3 steps of Caulobacter life cycle

A
  1. Swarmer cell sheds its flagellum
  2. Cell grows stalk where flagellum once was
  3. Stalked cell divides and gives rise to both a swarmer cell and a stalked cell
77
Q

Beta Proteobacteria: some are what type of energy and electron users?

A

Chemolithotrophs

78
Q

Beta Proteobacteria oxidize what 3 compounds?

A

Nitrate
Sulfur
Iron

79
Q

Example genus of Beta Proteobacteria that completes the first step of nitrification where ____ is oxidized to ____

A

Nitrosomonas

Ammonia is oxidized to nitrite

80
Q

3 examples of Beta Proteobacteria that are human pathogens

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Gonorrhoeae
Burkholderia cepacia

81
Q

In addition to humans, Burkholderia cepacia also functions as a pathogen in what type of organism? What disease does it cause?

A

Plants

Onion rot

82
Q

Gamma Proteobacteria includes “enterics.” These bacteria have what relationship with oxygen and live where?

A 
Facultative anaerobes (prefer oxygen, but can grow in its absence)
Live in intestinal tract
83
Q

3 examples of enteric Gamma Proteobacteria and diseases they can cause

A

Escherichia coli (normally non-pathogenic, but O157:H7 is one strain amongst others that is pathogenic)
Salmonella (food poisoning)
Proteus (urinary tract infections)

84
Q

3 examples of non-enteric Gamma Proteobacteria and what they do

A 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pathogen in cystic fibrosis and burn wound patients; produces pyoverdin pigment that acts as siderophore)
Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
Shewanella (non-pathogenic bacteria that lives in aquatic and soil environments; extracellular electron transport)
85
Q

Example genus of Delta Proteobacteria that is a social bacteria

A

Myxococcus

86
Q

Myxococcus: Gram negative or positive? Environment?

A

Gram negative

Soil

87
Q

How do Myxococcus interact with bacteria of other species?

A

Attack them

88
Q

Do Myxococcus have flagella? If not, what kind of motility to they demonstrate?

A

No flagella

Gliding motility

89
Q

Fruiting bodies of Myxococcus: when are they created? What specialized cell type do they contain?

A

Created in nutrient limiting conditions

Myxospores (dormant)

90
Q

Genus of Delta Proteobacteria that parasitizes other bacteria

A

Bdellovibrio

91
Q

Bdellovibrio parasitization: where does it grow in its bacterial prey? What does it do to the host organism?

A

Grows in periplasm of prey

Lyses host

92
Q

Myxococcus fruiting body formation: steps (5)

A
  1. Stress and starvation signal aggregation of vegetative cells
  2. Gliding motility through extension and retraction of type IV pili moves cells together
  3. Formation of fruiting body along with formation of myxospores at top of fruiting body
  4. Myxospores are released
  5. Myxospores germinate and give rise to vegetative cells
93
Q

What is the relative time it takes for Mxyococcus to form fruiting bodies?

A

Hours to days (takes a while)

94
Q

Which has a better chance of survival in Mxyococcus fruiting bodies: myxospores at top or cells on bottom?

A

Myxospores on top

95
Q

Epsilon proteobacteria: what 2 genera cause disease in humans?

A

Campylobacter

Helicobacter

96
Q

Campylobacter causes what 2 diseases?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome (flaccid paralysis)

Gastroenteritis (inflammation of stomach, diarrhea)

97
Q

Helicobacter causes what 3 diseases?

A

Gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer (all H. pylori)

98
Q

What phylum includes pathogens, “good” bacteria, and spore formers?

A

Firmicutes

99
Q

Firmicutes: high or low cytosine and guanine concentration in DNA? Gram positive or negative?

A

Low cytosine and guanine in DNA

Gram positive

100
Q

Firmicutes pathogens: 2 genera

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

101
Q

Firmicutes “good” bacteria: 2 genera, what they produce through what pathway, what they are used to make

A

Lactobacillus
Lactococcus
Produce lactic acid through fermentation
Probiotics, cheese, yogurt

102
Q

Firmicutes spore formers: what are the spores resistant to, what 2 genera

A

Spores are heat-resistant

Clostridium, Bacillus

103
Q

3 species of Clostridium and what diseases they cause

A

C. tetani (tetanus)
C. botulinum (botulism, produces neurotoxin used in Botox)
C. difficile (colitis- inflammation of colon)

104
Q

3 species of Bacillus and features of these bacteria

A

B. subtilis (non-pathogen)
B. anthracis (anthrax)
B. thuringiensis (insecticidal toxin)

105
Q

Thuricide insecticide: genus and species, parts of bacteria used, mechanism of action

A

Bacillus thuringiensis
Spores and toxin
Upon ingestion, forms holes in caterpillar gut

106
Q

Bacillus sporulation: adaptive response to what?

A

Starvation

107
Q

How long does it take to make Bacillus spore?

A

8-10 hours

108
Q

Bacillus sporulation results in the formation of what 2 cells? What is the purpose of each?

A

Mother cell and forespore
Mother cell lyses, releasing spore
Forespore is dormant and stress-resistant and can germinate, becoming an actively growing cell

109
Q

3 steps in Bacillus sporulation

A
  1. Septum forms asymmetrically
  2. Mother cell engulfs forespore with second membrane
  3. Mother cell adds cortex of peptidoglycan and coat of protein to forespore and then lyses
110
Q

4 layers of Bacillus spore

A

Innermost (1): chromosome and cytoplasm
2: Inner membrane
3: Outer membrane
Outermost (4): protein coat

111
Q

What system does Bacillus use to sense stress and initiate sporulation?

A

Two-component system

112
Q

What phylum includes acid-fast and soil-dwelling bacteria?

A

Actinobacteria

113
Q

Actinobacteria: high or low cytosine and guanine composition of DNA? Gram positive or negative?

A

High cytosine and guanine

Gram positive

114
Q

Genus of Actinobacteria that is acid-fast

A

Mycobacterium

115
Q

Mycobacterium includes what 2 pathogenic species?

A

Tuberculosis

Leprae

116
Q

What component of Mycobacterium cell walls makes them acid-fast? What commonly used lab procedure does this component prevent?

A

Waxy lipids

Gram staining

117
Q

Genus of Actinobacteria that is soil-dwelling

A

Streptomyces

118
Q

3 features of Streptomyces: responsible for the ____ of most soil, forms what structures similar to those of fungi, source of many _____

A

Responsible for odor of most soil
Form hyphae and mycelia
Source of many antibiotics

Microbiology (24 decks)

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