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Microbiology > Extremophiles > Flashcards

Extremophiles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Extremophiles

A

Microbes that grow in extreme environments

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2
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Need oxygen

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3
Q

Where obligate aerobes would populate in a tube that was open at the top

A

The top of the tube

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4
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Prefer oxygen

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5
Q

Where facultative anaerobes would populate in a tube that was open at the top

A

More at top, but spread throughout

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6
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobe

A

Ignore oxygen

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7
Q

Where aerotolerant anaerobes would populate in a tube that was open at the top

A

Throughout tube

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8
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

Oxygen is toxic

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9
Q

Where obligate anaerobes would populate in a tube that was open at the top

A

At the bottom

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10
Q

Microaerophile

A

Narrow band of growth at 2-10% oxygen

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11
Q

Where microaerophiles would populate in a tube that was open at the top

A

2-10% oxygen: near top of tube

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12
Q

Reactive oxygen species

A

Toxic products produced by reduction of oxygen

Damage microbes

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13
Q

Examples of reactive oxygen species

A 
Superoxide radical (O2-)
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
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14
Q

Superoxide dismutase

A

Enzyme that turns superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen

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15
Q

Superoxide dismutase reaction

A

O2- + O2- + 2H+ -> H2O2 + O2

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16
Q

Catalase

A

Enzyme that turns hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

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17
Q

Catalase reaction

A

H2O2 + H2O2 -> 2H2O and O2

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18
Q

Can microbes without superoxide dismutase and catalase live in oxygen environments?

A

No

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19
Q

20% of familial cases of ALS occur from a mutation in what gene?

A

SOD1: superoxide detoxifying gene

20
Q

Hyperthermophiles: what temperature can they grow at?

A

Above 80 degrees C

21
Q

Current record holder of extremophile temperature growth

A

122 degrees C

22
Q

Example of hyperthermophile

A

Pyrococcus furiosus (archaea)

23
Q

Thermophiles: temperature range

A

40-80 degrees C

24
Q

Example of thermophile

A

Thermos aquaticus (bacteria)

25
Q

Mesophiles: temperature range

A

20-45 degrees C

Not really extremophiles

26
Q

Example of mesophile

A

E. coli

27
Q

Psychrophiles: temperature range

A

0-20 degrees C

28
Q

2 examples of psychrophiles

A 
Listeria monocytogenes (bacteria, food borne pathogen that grows under refrigeration)
Chlamydomonas (eukarya, snow algae- red color in snow)
29
Q

How do thermophiles stabilize proteins in high heat environments?

A 
Increased hydrogen and covalent bonds
Molecular chaperones (proteins that bind and refold damaged proteins)
30
Q

How do thermophiles stabilize DNA in high heat environments?

A

Synthesize proteins to coat DNA

31
Q

How do thermophiles stabilize membranes in high heat environments?

A

Lipid monolayers with ether bonds

32
Q

Water activity: what is it, and what affects it?

A

Availability of water for cell growth

Solutes such as salt and sugars decrease availability of water to microbes

33
Q

Higher solute concentration, ____ water activity

A

Lower

34
Q

Hypotonic osmolarity: net water movement, level of extracellular solute concentration, example of environment

A

Net movement of water into cell
Low extracellular solute concentration
Fresh water lake or stream

35
Q

Isotonic osmolarity: net water movement, level of extracellular solute concentration

A

No net movement of water (same amount going out as coming in)
Same solute concentration inside cell and out

36
Q

Hypertonic osmolarity: net water movement, level of extracellular solute concentration, example of environment

A

Net movement of water out of cell
High extracellular solute concentration
Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, peanut butter

37
Q

Osmophiles

A

Microbes that can live in hypertonic environments

38
Q

Halophiles

A

Osmophiles that live in high salt environments

39
Q

Examples of halophiles

A

Halobacterium (archaea)

Staphylococcus (bacteria)

40
Q

Where staphylococcus can be found

A

Human skin

41
Q

What is used to isolate staphylococcus?

A

Mannitol salt agar

42
Q

Compatible solutes

A

Synthesized or obtained from environment by halophiles in order to keep osmotic concentration of cytoplasm above that of habitat (enable halophiles to live in high salt environments)

43
Q

Acidophiles

A

Microbes that grow at low pH

44
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

Microbes that grow at high pH

45
Q

E. coli can tolerate what range of pH?

A

2-9 (10 million fold difference)

Microbiology (24 decks)

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