Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Lab Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Lab Quiz #1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Binomial system: what is it used to name, who proposed it

A

Used to name microorganisms

Devised by Carl Linnaeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the components of the binomial system? Which name is capitalized and which is italicized?

A

Genus and species name
Genus name is capitalized
Both names are italicized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pure culture

A

Culture in which each cell is a direct descendant of a single cell from a culture containing cells of only one species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Procedures used to prevent unwanted microorganisms from causing contamination of a specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Culture medium

A

Solid or liquid preparation used to grow, transport, and store microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Two methods of obtaining pure cultures

A

Streak plate method

Drop dilution method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Colony

A

Visible mass or population of cells originating from a single cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Agar

A

Complex polysaccharide, usually extracted from red algae, that is used as a solidifying agent in the preparation of culture media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Micrococcus luteus: color, type of microorganism

A

Creamy-yellow colored bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Serratia marcescens: color, type of microorganism

A

Red colored bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prodigiosin

A

Pigment that makes Serratia marcescens red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tryptic soy agar

A

General purpose growth medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Clonal

A

Term to describe clones within a colony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Colony morphology: punctiform

A

Colony that looks like tiny dots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Colony morphology: circular

A

Colony that looks spherical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Colony morphology: filamentous

A

Colony that looks hair-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Colony morphology: irregular

A

Colony that doesn’t look like a regular set shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Colony morphology: rhizoid

A

Colony that looks root-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Colony morphology: spindle (lens)

A

Colony that looks leaf-like or ellipsoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Colony elevation: flat

A

Colony that does not rise much from plate/ looks plateau-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Colony elevation: raised

A

Colony that comes off of plate in a dome-like manner, evenly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Colony elevation: convex

A

Colony that comes off of plate in an upside-down bowl shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Colony elevation: pulvinate

A

Colony that comes off of plate in a sharp dome shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Colony elevation: umbonate

A

Colony that comes off of plate with a raised center, but fairly flat surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Colony edge or margin: entire (even)

A

Colony that has an even, circular edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Colony edge or margin: undulate (wavy)

A

Colony that has a crumpled, wavy edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Colony edge or margin: filamentous

A

Colony that has a hair-like edge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Colony edge or margin: lobate (lobes)

A

Colony that an edge that looks like the Nickelodeon logo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Colony edge or margin: errose (serrated)

A

Colony that has a sun-like edge (“lobes” are smaller and sharper than lobate’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Colony edge or margin: curled

A

Colony that has an edge that looks like tree rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Colony appearance: 5 options

A 
Smooth
Glistening
Rough (dry)
Wrinkled
Powdery (spores)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Drop-dilution method

A

Pure colony attainment

Bacteria are pipetted directly into a tube of molten agar, then diluted into two other tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

P20 micropipettor: volume range

A

0.5-20 microliters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

P200 micropipettor: volume range

A

20-200 microliters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

P1000 micropipettor: volume range

A

200-1000 microliters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Compound or bright-field microscope: what is it and how does it work

A

Commonly used microscope
Forms dark image against a brighter background
Two magnifying lenses (one in ocular and one in objective) work together to magnify an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Microscope

A

Instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Disadvantages to compound/bright-field microscope

A

Limited resolving power

Organelles unidentifiable without staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Objective lens: what are they, and what magnifications do they have

A

Lenses that are mounted on revolving nosepiece

3 magnifications: low power (10x), high power (40x or 43x), and oil immersion (100x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ocular lens/eyepiece

A

Part of microscope that user looks through

Magnifies the real image formed by objective lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Stage

A

Where slide is placed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Coarse adjustment knob

A

Used to bring object into approximate focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

Used to precisely focus on object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Condenser

A

Located beneath stage

Focuses cone of light from light source onto slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Diaphragm lever

A

Located below condenser

Used to open and close iris diaphragm, making slide lighter or darker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

At higher magnification, is more or less light needed than at lower magnification?

A

More light is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How does magnification work?

A

Makes things look bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Resolving power (D)

A

Degree of definition of the fine structure of the material being observed
Enables perception of two closely adjacent points as separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Do smaller or larger wavelengths of light permit greater resolving power?

A

Smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Numerical aperture

A

Measure of light-gathering ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Refractive index (n)

A

Amount that light rays are bent as they pass through different media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Why immersion oil is used at high magnification

A

Refractive index of air is lower than glass: as light rays pass from glass slide into air, they are bent, causing them to miss the objective lens and thus causing a decrease in light
Loss of refractive light is compensated for by immersion oil (same refractive index as glass), increasing amount of light that enters objective lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Yeast species studied in lab

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Bacteria species commonly used in lab

A

Escherichia coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Name for rod shaped bacteria

A

Bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Name for spherically shaped bacteria

A

Coccus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Name for rigid, helical bacteria

A

Spirillum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Name for flexible, helical bacteria

A

Spirochete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Name for bacteria with one curve (crescent moon shaped)

A

Vibrio

60
Q

Name for pair of spherical bacteria

A

Diplococcus

61
Q

Name for chain of spherical bacteria

A

Streptococcus

62
Q

Name for cluster of spherical bacteria

A

Staphylococcus

63
Q

Name for group of 4 spherical bacteria

A

Tetrad

64
Q

Name for group of 8 spherical bacteria

A

Sarcina

65
Q

Sporangium

A

Cell containing spore

66
Q

Rod shaped sporangium

A

Bacillus shaped; same appearance as other vegetative cells

67
Q

Spindle shaped sporangium

A

Ellipsoidal shape due to central swelling

68
Q

Drumstick shaped sporangium

A

One end enlarged

69
Q

3 shapes of endospores

A

Spherical
Ellipsoidal
Cylindrical (rod-shaped)

70
Q

3 locations of endospores

A

Central (spore located in middle of cell)
Terminal (spore located at end of cell)
Subterminal (spore located between middle and end of cell)

71
Q

Flagella

A

Long whip-like organelles responsible for motility

72
Q

Motility

A

Ability to move spontaneously and actively

73
Q

3 parts of flagellum

A

Basal body (rod with series of rings, located closest to bacterial cell), hook (attaches basal body to filament), filament (extends out of bacterial cell, attached to hook)

74
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of cells towards attractants or away from repellants

75
Q

Flagella distributed all over surface of cell

A

Peritrichous

76
Q

Flagella clustered at one or both ends

A

Lophotrichous

77
Q

One flagellum at the end of the cell

A

Polar monotrichous

78
Q

Two flagella, one at each end of cell

A

Polar amphitrichous

79
Q

Brownian motion: what causes it?

A

Bacterial cells in an aqueous environment are constantly hit by random motion of water molecules, causing them to move

80
Q

Rhodospirillum rubrum and staphylococcus epidermidis: which one displays true flagellar motion?

A

Rhodospirillum rubrum

81
Q

Darkfield microscopy: how does it work?

A

Darkfield condenser (contains opaque disk): blocks light that would enter objective directly
Only light that has been reflected or refracted by specimen enters objective directly
Specimen is light on a dark background

82
Q

Phase-contrast microscopy: how does it work?

A

Phase plate retards wavelengths so that they are 1/2 out of phase
2 rays of light brought together: troughs of one wave interfere with crests of another, generating contrast
Background is light, specimen is dark

83
Q

Why bacteria can’t be seen with great detail under regular microscopy

A

Refractive index of bacteria is nearly the same as that of the water in which they are suspended

84
Q

2 things necessary for observation of structural and morphological detail of microbes

A

Greater magnification and better resolution

Contrast between cells and background

85
Q

2 chemical groups contained by dye

A

Chromophore

Auxochrome

86
Q

Chromophore

A

Provides color to dye

87
Q

Examples of chromophore chemical groups

A

Azo (-NN), nitrose (-NO), nitro (-NO2), thio (-CS)

88
Q

Auxochrome

A

Increase solubility of dye

89
Q

Examples of auxochrome chemical groups

A

Amino (-NH2), hydroxyl (-OH)

90
Q

Acidic dye: what its salt dissociates into

A

Negatively charged anion and metal cation

91
Q

Acidic dye: what it is used for

A

Binds to positively charged microbial cell structures (basic structures) such as cytoplasm

92
Q

Basic dye: what its salt dissociates into

A

Positively charged cation and anion

93
Q

Basic dye: what it is used for

A

Binds to negatively charged molecules (acidic structures) like nucleic acids, many proteins, ribosomes, metachromatic granules, acidic waxes of acid-fast bacteria

94
Q

Chromogen: is it a true dye?

A

Not a true dye because it is insoluble in water

95
Q

Simple stain

A

One dye that stains a component of the microbial cell

96
Q

Methylene blue: what does it stain? Does it stain acidic or basic cellular components?

A

Metachromatic granules

Stains acidic cellular components

97
Q

Species stained with methylene blue in lab

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

98
Q

Differential stains

A

2 or more dyes, used to categorize cells into groups (e.g. Gram staining)

99
Q

4 reagents used in Gram staining

A 
Crystal violet (basic dye)
Iodine solution (mordant)
Ethyl alcohol (decolorizer)
Safranin (basic counterstain)
100
Q

Mordant

A

Chemical that fixes dye by combining with it to form an insoluble compound

101
Q

Gram-variable cells

A

Stain both purple (Gram positive) and pink (Gram negative) due to old age of culture

102
Q

2 Gram positive bacteria used in lab

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Bacillus subtilis

103
Q

Gram negative bacteria used in lab

A

Escherichia coli

104
Q

Capsules: what composes them, what are they used for, correlation exists between them and what type of bactiera

A

Made of polysaccharides
Used for cell adhesion
Correlation between presence of capsule and pathogenicity

105
Q

Negative stain: used for viewing what, what does it do, what reagents are used for negative staining

A

Used for viewing capsule
Stains background rather than microorganism (“halo” around bacteria)
India ink or 1% nigrosin

106
Q

Species of bacteria used in capsule stain

A

Klebsiella

107
Q

Endospores

A

Dormant structures created during sporulation

108
Q

Endospores are resistant to what 4 things?

A

Heat, radiation, harsh chemicals, dessication

109
Q

When does endospore formation begin?

A

When cell growth ceases due to lack of nutrients

110
Q

How spore staining works

A

Spores usually resist penetration of dyes, but will retain basic dyes when heated
Dye is removed from vegetative cells, but not spores

111
Q

Stain used for spores

A

Malachite green

112
Q

Counterstain used in spore staining for vegetative cells

A

Safranin

113
Q

Species of bacteria that produces spores

A

Bacillus subtilis

114
Q

How flagella staining works

A

Mordant is used to increase flagella diameter

115
Q

Mordant and dye used in flagella staining

A

Mordant: tannic acid
Dye: fuchsin (basic dye)

116
Q

Leifson’s technique

A

Flagella staining method

Mordant and dye are mixed and added at same time

117
Q

Type of bacteria used in acid-fast staining

A 
Mycobacterium phlei (acid-fast)
Staphylococcus (non-acid fast)
118
Q

Why Mycobacterium are used for acid-fast staining

A

Cell walls have high lipid content and contain mycolic acids that are impervious to Gram staining

119
Q

Reagents used for acid-fast staining and how they work

A 
Carbol fuchsin (mordant, acid-fast organisms won't lose this dye when decolorized with acidified alcohol)
Loeffler's methylene blue (counterstain, non-acid fast organisms retain this dye)
120
Q

Acid-fast staining is used in diagnosis of what disease?

A

Tuberculosis

121
Q

Granules

A

Reserve materials accumulated in bacterial cells

122
Q

Metachromatic granules: what type of reserve materials?

A

Phosphates

123
Q

What genus of bacteria have metachromatic granules?

A

Corynebacterium

124
Q

Causative agent of diptheria

A

Corynebacterium diphteriae

125
Q

If Loeffler’s methylene blue is used to stain granules, how does the cell appear?

A

Polychrome effect: granules appear purple while cells appear blue
Caused by alkalinity of dye

126
Q

Type of bacteria used for granule staining in lab

A

Corynebacterium xerosis

127
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme used to remove cell wall of bacteria: attacks peptidoglycan by hydrolyzing glycosidic bond that connects N-acetylglucosamine with N-acetylmuramic acid

128
Q

2 classes of fungi

A

Yeasts

Molds

129
Q

Molds

A

Multicellular, filamentous fungi that form elaborate branching networks of cells

130
Q

Yeasts

A

Unicellular fungi that can reproduce sexually through formation of spores or asexually by budding

131
Q

Hyphae

A

Filaments that extend from fungal spores or cell fragments

132
Q

Mycelium

A

Network of hyphae

133
Q

Chitin

A

Polysaccharide that comprises hyphal cell walls

134
Q

Septate

A

Individual hyphae with regular cross-walls

135
Q

Aseptate (nonseptate) hyphae

A

No cross-walls, often have multiple nuclei dispersed throughout the hyphal structure

136
Q

Sporangiospores

A

Develop in saclike structures (sporangium) located at the tips of hyphae
Produce spores

137
Q

Conidiospores

A

Not enclosed within a sac
Located at either tips or sides of hyphae
Produce spores

138
Q

Chytridiomycota: simple or complex, unique structure, types of reproduction

A

Simplest of fungi
Form motile zoospores with flagella
Sexual and asexual reproduction

139
Q

Zygomycota: where found, septate or aseptate, types of reproduction, example

A

Common in soil and decaying plant material
Aseptate
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Bread mold Rhizopus

140
Q

Ascomycota: unique structure, function, types of reproduction, examples

A

Sac-like reproductive structures (ascus)
Major decomposers
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Aspergillus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

141
Q

Basidiomycota: another name, unique structure, types of reproduction, examples

A

Club fungi
Spore-producing structure called basidium
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Cryptococcus neoformans (human pathogen), mushrooms and toadstools

142
Q

Vegetative vs aerial hyphae

A

Vegetative hyphae are used to obtain nutrients, anchored to medium
Aerial hyphae project upward and frequently produce spores

143
Q

Rhizopus and Aspergillus: which produces sporangium and which produces conidia

A

Rhizopus produces sporangium

Apergillus produces conidia

144
Q

Stolon

A

Another name for aerial hyphae that connect rhizoids (vegetative hyphae of Rhizopus)

145
Q

Aflatoxin

A

Carcinogenic compound produced by Aspergillus flavus (grows in spices)

146
Q

Salmonellosis

A

Causative agent of salmonella (intestinal infection, also bacteremia- blood infection)

Microbiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions