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Microbiology > Intro to Microbial Genetics and DNA Replication > Flashcards

Intro to Microbial Genetics and DNA Replication Flashcards

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1
Q

3 processes of genetic information flow

A

DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

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2
Q

Gene

A

Functional unit of genetic information

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3
Q

Genes are made up of what molecule?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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4
Q

Difference between gene and protein designation in writing

A

Gene names are italicized and written in lower case

Protein names are not italicized and written in upper case

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5
Q

Genome

A

All genetic material in cell or virus

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6
Q

Bacterial genomes consist of ____ (usually) or more DNA chromosomes

A

One

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7
Q

Genotype

A

Specific set of genes carried in genome

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of observable characteristics

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9
Q

Operon

A

Cluster of genes plus regulatory elements controlling them

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10
Q

Promoter

A

Where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

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11
Q

Operator

A

Where repressor proteins can bind to block transcription

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12
Q

Inducers

A

Molecules that can bind repressors, preventing them from binding to operators and thus enabling transcription to occur

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13
Q

Polycistronic mRNA: enabled to directly become proteins, or needs further modification?

A

Needs further modification to become proteins

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14
Q

3 parts of DNA

A

Sugar (deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
Phosphate group

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15
Q

Purines vs pyrimidines: which bases fall into which category?

A

Purines: adenine and guanine (remember “pure as gold”)
Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine

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16
Q

Sugar + base + phosphate group =

A

Deoxynucleotide

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17
Q

Each strand of DNA consists of what?

A

Deoxynucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds

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18
Q

Two strands of DNA are connected by what type of bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

Base pairing rules: what pairs with what, how many hydrogen bonds

A

A pairs with T (2 hydrogen bonds)

G pairs with C (3 hydrogen bonds)

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20
Q

What are the designations of the two paired DNA strands? Which is the hydroxyl end and which is the phosphate end?

A

5’ and 3’ ends
3’ end is hydroxyl
5’ end is phosphate

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21
Q

Two strands of DNA are referred to as ____.

A

Antiparallel

22
Q

DNA size is expressed as _____. 1,000 ____ equals 1 ____.

A

Base pairs

1000 base pairs = 1 kilobase (kb)

23
Q

E. coli chromosome: how many kb? What is the relative size of E. coli’s chromosome considered to be?

A

4640 kb or 4.64 mega (million) Mbp

Average size

24
Q

Mycoplasma chromosome: one of the biggest or smallest chromosomes amongst the bacteria? Size?

A

One of the smallest

580 kb encoding 480 proteins

25
Q

Is DNA arranged in a double helix in prokaryotic cells as it is in eukaryotic cells?

A

Yes

26
Q

How is prokaryotic DNA arranged (shape, closed or open, how coiled)?

A

Usually circular, closed, supercoiled molecule

27
Q

Nucleoid

A

Loops or domains of packed bacterial DNA

28
Q

Eukaryotic DNA: linear or circular?

A

Linear

29
Q

How is eukaryotic DNA packed?

A

Wrapped around proteins (histones)

30
Q

Histones + DNA = ?

A

Nucleosomes

31
Q

Genes in human genome are interrupted by what?

A

Introns

32
Q

How is archaeal DNA packing like that of bacteria? How is it like that of eukaryotes?

A

Archaea have circular chromosomes like bacteria that is wrapped around histones like eukaryotes

33
Q

Semiconservative model of DNA replication

A

When strands separate during DNA replication, each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand

34
Q

DNA replication in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes: bidirectional or unidirectional?

A

Bidirectional for both

35
Q

DNA replication in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes: multiple or single origins of replication (ori)?

A

Eukaryotes: multiple oris
Prokaryotes: one ori

36
Q

DNA replication in prokaryotes: how many replication forks? Does replication proceed in the same direction for both, or in opposite directions?

A

2 forks

Proceeds in opposite directions

37
Q

How is ori selected in prokaryotic DNA replication?

A

DnaA protein binds DNA in ori only

38
Q

ter region

A

Site where replication is terminated

39
Q

DNA polymerase catalyzes DNA synthesis in which direction?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

40
Q

3 things DNA polymerase needs to replicate DNA

A

Template
Deoynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
Primer (usually RNA) with 3’ hydroxyl group

41
Q

Do most bacteria have one or several DNA polymerases? What is the name of the major DNA replication enzyme?

A

Most bacteria have several DNA polymerases

DNA Pol III is the major DNA replication enzyme

42
Q

Single strand binding proteins (SSBs)

A

Prevent hydrogen bonds from reforming across two DNA strands

Stabilize single stranded DNA

43
Q

DNA gyrase

A

Underwinds DNA by cutting one DNA strand, passing the other through the gap, and sealing it

44
Q

DNA gyrase is a target for what antibiotic? What class does it fall under?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Quinolone

45
Q

DnaB helicase

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds between strands of DNA

46
Q

DNA primase

A

Primes replication by laying down RNA primer

47
Q

Leading strand of DNA is synthesized in what direction? Is this synthesis continuous or discontinuous?

A

5’ to 3’

Continuous

48
Q

Lagging strand of DNA is synthesized in what direction? Is this synthesis continuous or discontinuous?

A

3’ to 5’

Discontinuous

49
Q

Segments of primer used in lagging strand synthesis are called what?

A

Okazaki fragments

50
Q

What DNA polymerase removes RNA primers and fills in the gaps with DNA?

A

DNA Pol I

51
Q

Ligase

A

Seals fragments of DNA together in DNA synthesis

Microbiology (24 decks)

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