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Microbiology > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fungi: what domain?

A

Eukarya

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2
Q

Size range of fungi

A

Single cell (yeast) to 3-mile wide (honey mushroom)

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3
Q

Do fungi contain chlorophyll? What kind of cell membranes do they have? What are their cell walls made up of, and what is this compound a polymer of?

A

No chlorophyll
Plasma membrane
Cell walls of chitin (polymer of N-acetylglucosamine)

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4
Q

2 methods of fungi nutrition: names, how they work

A

Saprophytes (obtain nutrients from dead organic matter)

Absorptive (secrete enzymes, then absorb broken-down nutrients)

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5
Q

Fungi are able to break down many complex ____ ____, including ____.

A

Organic compounds

Cellulose

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6
Q

What would happen without fungi?

A

Dead plants and trees would accumulate to great depths

No fungal activity -> no CO2 production -> plant and animal life would cease

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7
Q

What is the term for the study of fungi?

A

Mycology

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8
Q

What is the term for diseases caused by fungi?

A

Mycoses

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9
Q

What is the term for poisoning by fungal toxins?

A

Mycotoxicosis

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10
Q

Aflatoxins: what are they, how do they work, what genus of fungi is a major source of them?

A

Carcinogens produced by fungi
Intercalate between DNA bases, causing mutations
Aspergillus is a major source of aflatoxins

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11
Q

Ergot alkaloids: similar structure to what drug? Symptoms of ingestion? What 2 conditions are they used to treat? What genus of fungi produces them?

A

LSD
Delusions and convulsions
Treat migraines and induce labor
Produced by Claviceps

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12
Q

Fungi: habitats (3), pathogenic or not

A

Habitats: mostly terrestrial, some aquatic, can be part of human microflora
Can be pathogenic

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13
Q

Symbiotic forms of fungi (2): type of fungi and organism it forms association with

A

Lichens: fungi and Cyanobacteria

Mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots

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14
Q

What percentage of land plants form symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi?

A

80%

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15
Q

How does symbiotic association of plants and mycorrhizal fungi work?

A

Fungus provides the plant with nutrients and water uptake

Plant provides carbohydrate to fungus

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16
Q

Name for unicellular fungi

A

Yeasts

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17
Q

2 type of yeast (genus and species): characteristics

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae: used to make bread, beer, and wine
Candida albicans: microflora of mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract; cause of thrush (infection caused by overgrowth in mouth)

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18
Q

Name for multicellular fungi

A

Molds

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19
Q

Hyphae

A

Filaments of mold

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20
Q

Hyphae can be _____ or ______. What do these 2 terms mean?

A

Coenocytic (no cross walls)

Septate (cross walls)

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21
Q

Mycelium

A

Mass of hyphae

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22
Q

Can fungi change from yeast to mold form?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Asexual reproduction yields offspring that are _____ to parent.

A

Identical

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24
Q

3 mechanisms of asexual reproduction of fungi

A

Binary fission
Budding
Spore production

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25
Q

2 examples of spores produced by asexual reproduction

A

Conidiospores

Sporangiospores

26
Q

Fungal sexual reproduction often occurs under what 2 conditions?

A

Stress

Nutrient-limiting

27
Q

Offspring of sexual reproduction are genetically _____ between 2 parents (mating types).

A

Intermediate

28
Q

In sexual reproduction, ______ cells of ______ mating types fuse.

A

Haploid

Opposite

29
Q

What is used for signalling between mating types during sexual reproduction?

A

Pheromones

30
Q

In Saccharomyces, mating types are designated ____ and ____.

A

A

Alpha

31
Q

Dikaryon

A

Single hypha with 2 distinct nuclei created by fusion in sexual reproduction

32
Q

When nuclei fuse in sexual reproduction, a ______ _____ is formed.

A

Diploid zygote

33
Q

What process forms haploid spores?

A

Meiosis

34
Q

2 types of haploid spores produced through meiosis

A

Zygospores

Ascospores

35
Q

How many total subdivisions of fungi? What is the term “subdivision” equivalent to in taxonomy?

A

8 total subdivisions

Subdivision = phyla

36
Q

4 best-known subdivisions of fungi

A

Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

37
Q

Members of subdivision Chytridiomycota are often referred to as _____.

A

Chytrids

38
Q

Chytridiomycota: complex or simple fungi? Environment?

A

Simplest fungi

Aquatic

39
Q

Are Chytridiomycota motile? If so, what do they use for motility? What are these motile cells called?

A

Motile
Flagella
Zoospore

40
Q

Chytridiomycosis

A

Chytrid infection causing massive frog deaths

41
Q

Zygomycota: name for sexually-produced spores, name for asexually-produced spores

A

Sexual: zygospores
Asexual: sporangiospores

42
Q

Example genus of Zygomycota: what is it

A

Rhizopus: bread mold

43
Q

What are some commercial uses for Rhizopus? (2)

A 
Meat tenderizer (using enzymes produced by fungus)
Birth control agents
44
Q

Rhizopus can act as a pathogen of what type of organism? What is the name of the disease it causes?

A

Plant

Rice seedling blight

45
Q

Does Rhizopus toxin cause rice seedling blight? If not, what organism does?

A

No

Caused by Burkholderia growing within fungus

46
Q

Ascomycota: what iconic structure? What is the name of this structure from which Ascomycota gets its name?

A

Sac

Ascus

47
Q

Ascomycota: name for sexually-produced spores, name for asexually-produced spores

A

Sexual: ascospores (in ascus)
Asexual: conidiospores

48
Q

3 well-known genera of Ascomycota

A

Saccharomyces
Aspergillus
Penicillium

49
Q

Name of Ascomycota genus and species that causes lung infections

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

50
Q

Name of disease Histoplasma capsulatum causes and how it works (2 steps)

A

Histoplasmosis
Mold spores are inhaled
Spores germinate into yeast in lung

51
Q

Name of Ascomycota genus that causes disease in bats

A

Pseudogymnoascus

52
Q

Name of disease Pseudogymnoascus causes in bats: what parts of bat does it infect?

A

White nose syndrome

Infects skin of hibernating bats (not just nose)

53
Q

What type of extremophile is Pseudogymnoascus?

A

Psychrophile

54
Q

Basidiomycota are referred to as the _____ fungi.

A

Club

55
Q

What is the name of the Basidiomycota structure that bears sexually-produced spores? What are those spores called? Where is this structure found on the Basidiomycota?

A

Basidium
Basidiospores
In the gills of the Basidiomycota, on the underside of the cap

56
Q

2 examples of Basidiomycota (general for one, genus and species for the other)

A

Mushroom

Cryptococcus neoformans

57
Q

2 genera of mushrooms: which one is edible, which is poisonous

A

Agaricus is edible

Amanita is not

58
Q

Amanita include what type of mushroom?

A

Death angel

59
Q

What toxin does Amanita produce? What does the toxin target?

A 
Produces amanitin (peptide toxin)
Targets RNA polymerase
60
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans: pathogenic? If so, what populations?

A

Pathogen in AIDS and immunocompromised

61
Q

How does Cryptococcus neoformans enter the body? What parts of the body does it affect?

A

Basidiospores are inhaled (one source is pigeon droppings)

Infects lungs and CNS (can cross the blood-brain barrier)

62
Q

2 virulence factors of Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Capsule

Pigment that has cytotoxic functions

Microbiology (24 decks)

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