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Microbiology > Metabolism II > Flashcards

Metabolism II Flashcards

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1
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway: used to break down what molecule

A

Glucose

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2
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway: first reaction

A

Glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate (pentose sugar)

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3
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway generates many _____ for ____.

A

Sugars

Biosynthesis

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4
Q

Net yield of pentose phosphate pathway

A

6 NADPH (reducing power for biosynthesis), 1 ATP

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5
Q

Entner-Doudoroff pathway: used to break down what molecule

A

Glucose

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6
Q

Entner-Doudoroff pathway combines reactions of what 2 pathways?

A

Glycolysis and pentose phosphate

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7
Q

Net yield of Entner-Doudoroff pathway

A

1 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH

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8
Q

What electron carrying molecule is found in pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways but not in glycolysis?

A

NADPH

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9
Q

Tricarboxylic acid cycle: ____ is completely oxidized to ____

A

Pyruvate

CO2

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10
Q

Where does tricarboxylic acid cycle take place in eukaryotes? Where in prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes: mitochondria
Prokaryotes: cytoplasm

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11
Q

What 3 things does tricarboxylic acid cycle produce?

A

CO2
NADH and FADH2 (another diffusible electron carrier)
Precursors for biosynthesis

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12
Q

Part 1 of tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

Pyruvate oxidized to CO2 and acetyl CoA

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13
Q

Acetyl CoA has what type of high energy bond?

A

Thioester

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14
Q

Part 2 of tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is condensed with oxaloacetate to form citrate

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15
Q

Part 3 of tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

Oxidation and decarboxylation reactions form NADH and CO2 (6 and 5 carbon stages)

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16
Q

Part 4 of tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

Succinyl-CoA to succinate generates high energy GTP (guanosine triphosphate) via substrate level phosphorylation

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17
Q

Part 5 of tricarboxylic acid cycle

A

More oxidations form NADH and FADH2

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18
Q

How many ATP molecules are synthesized directly from oxidation of glucose? When is most ATP made?

A

4 ATP molecules generated from oxidation of glucose

Most ATP made when NADH and FADH are oxidized in electron transport chain

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19
Q

Electrons from _____ and _____ generated by the oxidation of organic substrates during _____ and _____ are transferred through a series of _______ to a final terminal ______

A
  1. NADH
  2. FADH
  3. Glycolysis
  4. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
  5. Membrane bound electron carriers
  6. Electron acceptor
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20
Q

Electrons flow from carriers with more _____ E0 to more ____ E0

A

Negative

Positive

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21
Q

How many ATP can be generated per NADH using O2 as terminal electron acceptor?

A

3

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22
Q

Electron transport chains: locations in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes: mitochondrial membrane
Prokaryotes: plasma membrane

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23
Q

Electron carriers used in electron transport chain

A

Cytochromes and quinones

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24
Q

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

A

Energy released during electron transport is used to establish proton gradient and charge difference across membrane (proton motive force)

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25
Q

Electron flow causes _____ to move outward across the membrane, _____ is made when they move back in

A

Protons

ATP

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26
Q

ATP synthase

A

Enzyme that uses proton movement to catalyze ATP synthesis

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27
Q

Movement of what establishes proton motive force?

A

Protons

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28
Q

What are the two portions of ATP synthase, and where are they located?

A

F0 portion is embedded in plasma membrane

F1 portion is located in cytoplasm

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29
Q

2 subunits of F0 subunit: names, locations, what they do

A 
a subunit (left of c subunits) is the proton channel 
Ring of c subunits (directly above F1 subunit) rotates
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30
Q

2 portions of F1 subunit: names, locations, what they do

A 
Gamma shaft (attaches F1 to c subunits of F0) rotates
Rotation of gamma shaft causes conformational changes in alpha and beta subunits (located below gamma shaft)
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31
Q

Bacteria that can transfer electrons extracellularly onto certain metals

A

Shewanella

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32
Q

Extracellular electron transport: how it works

A

Electron pass through carriers out of cell through cell layers to iron or other metal

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33
Q

Can extracellular electron transport result in synthesis of ATP?

A

Yes, but electrons wind up outside of cell

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34
Q

What a microbial fuel cell is used for

A

Extracellular electrons are captured to generate electricity

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35
Q

Two portions of microbial fuel cell

A

Anode

Cathode

36
Q

In anode of microbial fuel cell, microbes are fed what that cause them to undergo what two metabolic processes?

A

Microbes are fed glucose and undergo glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle

37
Q

What is present in the anode that microbes attach to? What is its purpose?

A

Metal electrode is present for microbes to transfer electrons onto

38
Q

Is the anode oxic or anoxic? Why does this matter?

A

Anode is anoxic: microbes are forced to attach electrons to electrode rather than oxygen

39
Q

What do the microbes build in the fuel cell?

A

Biofilm

40
Q

How is the cathode connected to the anode?

A

Electric wire attached to metal electrode in anode

41
Q

How are electrons pulled into the cathode? What do electrons form in cathode?

A

Presence of oxygen pulls electrons into cathode

Electrons form water with oxygen

42
Q

Mudwatts

A

Microbial fuel cells that harness the electrogenic potential of soil microbes to produce electrical power

43
Q

Fermentation: organic or inorganic electron donor, what type of electron acceptor

A

Organic electron donor

Endogenous organic electron acceptor (ex- pyruvate)

44
Q

Aerobic respiration: organic or inorganic electron donor, what type of electron acceptor?

A

Organic electron donor

O2 as electron acceptor

45
Q

Anaerobic respiration: organic or inorganic electron donor, what type of electron acceptor?

A

Organic electron donor

NO3-, SO4-2, CO2, fumarate

46
Q

Chemolithotrophy: organic or inorganic electron donor, what type of electron acceptor?

A

Inorganic electron donor

O2, SO4-2, NO3-

47
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration generate less ATP than aerobic respiration?

A

Electron receptors used in anaerobic respiration such as NO3- have less positive reduction potentials as O2
Energy yield is directly related to magnitude of reduction potential difference

48
Q

Denitrification: example of what type of respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration

49
Q

Denitrification: what molecule is used as terminal electron acceptor? What is this molecule reduced to?

A 
Nitrate (NO3-)
Nitrogen gas (N2)
50
Q

Example of microbe that uses denitrification: what term is used to describe its relationship with oxygen? Where does it live?

A

Paracoccus denitrificans
Facultative anaerobe
Lives in soil

51
Q

What does Paracoccus denitrificans do to the soil? What effect does this have on plants?

A

Depletes soil nitrogen

Lowers crop yield

52
Q

Commonly studied bacteria that uses denitrification: name, what it does to nitrate and what that reaction forms, term used to describe its relationship with oxygen

A

Escherichia coli
Facultative anaerobe
Nitrate is first reduced to nitrite

53
Q

Nitrite strip test

A

Test for E. coli, as it reduces nitrate to nitrite

Used for diagnosis of urinary tract infections

54
Q

Fermentation: completion of catabolism without what two things?

A

Electron transport system

Terminal electron acceptor

55
Q

Fermentation occurs where?

A

Cytoplasm

56
Q

Fermentation: hydrogens from what are transfered onto what?

A

NADH

Pyruvate

57
Q

Yield of fermentation: 3 things

A

Fermentation products (lactic acid, ethanol)
NAD+
ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

58
Q

Reduction of _____ in _____ is balanced by its oxidation in ______

A

NAD
Glycolysis
Fermentation

59
Q

Microbial fermentation plays an important role in what industry? What 4 things are produced by fermentation?

A

Food industry

Yogurt, cheese, chocolate, alcoholic beverages

60
Q

Major fermentations used in food processing

A

Lactic
Propionic
Ethanolic

61
Q

Starter culture for yogurt: what two genuses of bacteria?

A

Lactobacillus

Streptococcus

62
Q

Yogurt production: _____ is hydrolyzed to _____ which is fermented to _____

A

Lactose (in milk)
Glucose
Lactic acid

63
Q

Contamination with what microbe is a major concern in yogurt production?

A

Bacteriophage

64
Q

Starter culture for cheese: what bacteria and what enzyme? What does the enzyme do?

A

Lactococcus
Enzyme: renin
Renin promotes coagulation

65
Q

During ripening stage of cheese production, what is added?

A

More microbes

66
Q

Starting material, intermediate material, and end product for cheese formation

A

Milk -> curd -> cheese

67
Q

What type of bacteria is added to make Swiss cheese? What type of fermentation does it undergo?

A

Propionibacterium undergoes propionic fermentation

68
Q

What type of microbe is added to make bleu and brie cheese? What is its name?

A

Penicillium (fungus)

69
Q

What type of microbe is used for ethanol fermentation in making wine and beer? What is its name?

A

Saccharomyces (yeast)

70
Q

Ingredients for wine

A

Grape juice, sugar, Saccharomyces

71
Q

Ingredients for beer

A

Barley, hops, water, Saccharomyces

72
Q

What breaks down complex starches and proteins in beer production?

A

Plant enzymes

73
Q

Ginger beer: ingredients

A

Ginger spice, sugar, Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus

74
Q

Kombucha tea: what types of microbes used in its production?

A

Saccharomyces (yeast), Bacillus (bacteria)

75
Q

What is the term used for starter culture of kombucha tea? What does it stand for?

A

SCOBY: symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast

76
Q

Using fermentation to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Both strains of Staphylococcus are grown on a mannitol salt agar plate
Color change is noted: Staphylococcus aureus ferments mannitol, but Staphylococcus epidermidis does not

77
Q

Chemolithotrophs: what are they, how do they acquire electrons

A

Microbes that acquire electrons from the oxidation of inorganic sources such as H2, NO2, or Fe+2

78
Q

2 examples of chemolithotrophy

A

Iron-oxidizing bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria

79
Q

Iron-oxidizing bacteria species

A

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

80
Q

Iron-oxidizing bacteria oxidize ____ compounds as ____ source using _____ as final ____ ____

A
  1. Iron
  2. Electron
  3. O2
  4. Electron acceptor
81
Q

Iron oxidation generates insoluble _____. What is the impact of this compound on aquatic life?

A

Ferric hydroxide

Compound is toxic to aquatic life

82
Q

Why does iron oxidation yield little energy?

A

Iron is not a great electron donor (E0 is too positive)

83
Q

Nitrification: definition

A

Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate

84
Q

What are the 2 genera of bacteria that work together in nitrification? What reaction does each carry out?

A

Nitrosomonas (ammonia to nitrite)

Nitrobacter (nitrite to nitrate)

85
Q

Nitrification is used to remove ammonia in what two water sources?

A

Wastewater and fish tanks

86
Q

Nitrification is often followed by _____.

A

Denitrification

Microbiology (24 decks)

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