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MBD/MI (Wothaya) > Viral Pathogens: Classification, Biology, Diseases I > Flashcards

Viral Pathogens: Classification, Biology, Diseases I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of virus?

A

RNA

DNA

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2
Q

What are the four structures of viral genomes?

A

SsRNA
DsRNA
SsDNA
DsDNA

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3
Q

What are the structure of RNA genomes?

A

Linear and segmented

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4
Q

What are the structure of DNA genomes?

A

Linear or circular

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5
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA polymerase facilitates replication
RNA polymerase facilitates transcription
Ribosomes facilitate translation

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6
Q

How do viruses use the central dogma?

A

Reverse transcriptase reverses RNA polymerase

RNA dependant RNA polymerase reverses RNA replication

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7
Q

What is the baltimore classification?

A

Classes of genetic material present in the virion

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8
Q

What are group I viruses made up of?

A

DNA +/-

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9
Q

What are group II viruses made up of?

A

DNA+

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10
Q

What are group III viruses made up of?

A

RNA +/-

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11
Q

What are group IV viruses made up of?

A

RNA+

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12
Q

What are group V viruses made up of?

A

RNA -

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13
Q

What are group VI viruses made up of?

A

RNA+

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14
Q

What are group VII viruses made up of?

A

DNA+/-

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15
Q

What does the HIV-1 outer envelope consist of?

A

Lipid bilayer with protruding Env spikes

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16
Q

What lies inside the HIV-1 envelope?

A

Shells of Gag proteins

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17
Q

What associates with the membrane?

A

Matrix

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18
Q

What does the capsid form?

A

Conical capsid

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19
Q

What does the viral RNA genome form?

A

Nucleocapsid

20
Q

What does the envelope consist of and covered by?

A

A trimer of gp41 and gp120 peptide subunits

Covered with glycans

21
Q

What are the two membrane proteins necessary for HIV-1?

A

CD4 and a chemokine receptor

22
Q

What are the steps in HIV entry?

A

Native primer
CD4 binding and T20 binding site exposure (due to a conformational change)
CoR binding and fusion peptide insertion
6-helix bundle formation and membrane fusion

23
Q

What is HIV-1 tropic for?

A

CD4 expressing cells

24
Q

What are the early phases of HIV-1 infection?

A

Fusion
Uncoating and reverse transcription
Intracellular trafficking
Nuclear entry

25
Q

What is reverse transcriptase a heterodimer of?

A

P66 and p51 subunits

26
Q

What are the three enzymatic properties of reverse transcriptase?

A

RNA dependant DNA polymerase
RNAse H
DNA dependant DNA polymerase

27
Q

What is reverse transcription mediated by?

A

Reverse transcriptase

28
Q

What does reverse transcriptase act as?

A

Polymerase to make the RNA template from the RNA genome

29
Q

How does the HIV DNA insert itself into the host chromosome?

A

Ends of viral DNA have specific sequences that are recognised by integrase enzymes
Sticks and pastes the viral DNA into cellular DNA

30
Q

How does the integrase enzyme Stick and paste the viral DNA into cellular DNA?

A

Bending the viral DNA round into very close contact with the cellular DNA

31
Q

What binds HIV-1 integrase and facilitates chromatin targeting?

A

LEDGF/P75

32
Q

What does the HIV-1 promoter contain?

A

Binding sites for transcription factors that are present in T-lymphocytes

33
Q

What does the HIV-1 promoter do?

A

Recruits cellular proteins to the viral genome that are required for mRNA transcription

34
Q

What is the first thing that gets produced by the genome and what does it do?

A

Tat protein

Specifically binds to the RNA and enhances RNA replication

35
Q

What does the HIV-1 rev protein mediate?

A

Nuclear export of a spliced viral RNA

36
Q

What does HIV-1 rev protein form?

A

A feedback loop wherein it comes back into the nucleus and promotes the nuclear export of the RNA viral genome over cellular RNA

37
Q

What does REV protein interact with to promote viral genome replication?

A

Crm 1 and RRE RNA

38
Q

What does dimerisation of the un spliced viral RNA allow?

A

Packing of two genomes in the virus

39
Q

What is the kissing loop complex?

A

Two of the same sequence brought together

40
Q

What is gag-pol protein generated by?

A

7 ribosomal frameshifting induced by a slippery sequence on RNA hairpin structure

41
Q

What is myristoylation?

A

Post-translational modification of glycines in the MA domain of Gag

42
Q

What does myristoylation mediate?

A

Association with the plasma membrane

43
Q

What causes the polyprotein to be made, myristoylated and transferred to the cell surface?

A

Tsg 101

44
Q

What is hijacked by HIV to perform membrane abscission during viral release?

A

ESCRT

45
Q

What is abscission?

A

Combining proteins and RNAs into a capsid, which essentially pushes the new capsid into the extracellular space

46
Q

What does Gag processing generate?

A

Mature viruses

MBD/MI (Wothaya) (57 decks)

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