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MBD/MI (Wothaya) > Calcium And Phosphate Metabolisms > Flashcards

Calcium And Phosphate Metabolisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Loss of bone mass

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2
Q

What are the causes of osteoporosis?

A 
Endocrine
Malignancy
Drug-induced
Renal disease
Nutritional
Age
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3
Q

How can you diagnose osteoporosis?

A

Measurement of bone mineral density

Dual-energy X-ray absorbtiometry

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4
Q

What is the T score?

A

Number of standard deviations below average for young adult at peak bone density

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5
Q

What is the Z score?

A

Matched to age and/or group

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6
Q

What are the endocrine causes of osteoporosis?

A

Hypogonadism
Excess glucocorticoids
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism

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7
Q

What are the possible treatments for osteoporosis?

A 
Ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, appropriate exercise
Postmenopausal: HRT
Biphosphonates
PTH analogues
Denosumab
Romosozumab
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8
Q

What is romosozumab?

A

Human monoclonal antibody against sclerostin

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9
Q

What is denosumab?

A

Human monoclonal antibody against RANK ligand

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10
Q

What do bisphosphonates do?

A

Inhibits function of osteoclasts

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11
Q

What is loss of bone mineralisation called in children?

A

Rickets

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of osteomalacia?

A

Diffuse aches
Chronic fatigue
Weak bones

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13
Q

What are the lab signs of osteomalacia?

A

Low calcium - phosphate
High Alkaline phosphatase
PTH might be elevated

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14
Q

What are the causes of osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D deficiency
Mutations leading to errors in vitamin D metabolism
Hypophosphataemia

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15
Q

What is vitamin D increased by?

A

PTH
Low calcium
Low phosphate

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16
Q

What is vitamin D decreased by?

A

FGF-23
High calcium
High phosphate

17
Q

What is type 1 vitamin D dependant rickets caused by?

A

An alpha hydroxylase mutation

18
Q

What is type 2 vitamin D dependant rickets caused by?

A

Vitamin D receptor mutation

19
Q

What does the alpha hydroxylase mutation impact?

A

Calcitrol production

20
Q

What does type 1 vitamin D dependant rickets cause?

A

Low calcium and phosphate

21
Q

What does type 2 vitamin D dependant rickets cause?

A

High calcitrol (vit D) production

22
Q

What is renal osteodystrophy?

A

Spectrum of conditions associated with bone lesions in renal failure

23
Q

What are the lab signs of renal osteodystrophy?

A

Low plasma calcium
PTH rises
Excess bone resorption

24
Q

What causes renal osteodystrophy?

A

Impaired phosphate excretion

Impaired vitamin D activation

MBD/MI (Wothaya) (57 decks)

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