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MBD/MI (Wothaya) > Mechanisms Of Viral Infection And Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Mechanisms Of Viral Infection And Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of viral infection?

A

Acute

Chronic

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2
Q

What is acute infection normally resolved by?

A

Immune system

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3
Q

What are the two options for acute infection resolution?

A

Either kills you or you get better

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4
Q

What are the types of chronic viral infection?

A

Latent, reactivating infection

Persistent infection

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5
Q

What is a latent, reactivating infection?

A

Disease resolves itself and then reappears some period of time later

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6
Q

What are the most common chronic latent reactivating viral infection?

A

Herpes

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7
Q

What are the subtypes of herpesvirus?

A 
Herpes simplex 1 and 2
Varicella zoster
Epstein Barr virus
Cytomegalovirus 
Human herpes virus 6-8
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8
Q

What does herpes simplex 2 cause?

A 
Primary gingivostomatitis (rash) in children
Cold sore in adults
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9
Q

What does varicella zoster virus cause?

A

Chicken pox-> shingles later in life

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10
Q

What is shingles?

A

Virus incubated in the spinal cord

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11
Q

What is persistent infection?

A

Initial disease followed by years of very low viral load followed by end of life viral disease

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12
Q

What are some examples of persistent infection?

A

AIDS
HCV
Measles

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13
Q

Why is congenital rubella slightly different to a normal persistent infection?

A

Persistently high viral load

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14
Q

What causes congenital rubella?

A

Infected in utero so virus seen as self and the baby is born immuno tolerant

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15
Q

What is another name for asymptomatic disease?

A

Inapparent infections

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16
Q

To be inapparent, what does a virus need to be?

A

Non-cytopathic and host adapted

17
Q

What does viral pathogenesis result from?

A

Cell and tissue damage caused by viral infection

18
Q

What does the Ebola virus target?

A

Vascular endothelial cells

19
Q

What cells does the influenza A virus target?

A

Lung epithelia

20
Q

What does RSV induce?

A

Syncytial merging in lung epithelia

21
Q

What is immunopathology?

A

When the relatively limited damage caused by a virus is made worse or caused by the hosts immune system

22
Q

What is the normal pathway of hepatitis C?

A

Acute infection -> chronic inflammation -> fibrosis -> cancer or cirrhosis (or both)

23
Q

Is HCV cytopathic or non-cytopathic?

A

Non-cytopathic

24
Q

What does chronic HCV cause?

A

Severe liver damage and loss of hepatocytes

25
Q

What is associated with HCV (cellularly)?

A

Leukocyte liver infiltration and high pro inflammatory cytokine levels

26
Q

What is HCV persistence associated with?

A

The generation of HCV variants that are not recognised by CD8+ cells

27
Q

How many serotypes of dengue fever are there?

A

Four (1-4)

28
Q

What are the symptoms of primary dengue fever?

A 
Mild fever
skin rash
Headache
Bone and muscle pain
Nausea
Vomiting
29
Q

What are the symptoms of secondary dengue fever?

A 
Acute fever
Severe abdominal pain
Headache
Plasma leakage
Intravascular volume depletion
Coagulation dysfunction
30
Q

What is the greatest risk factor for severe dengue fever?

A

previous infection with a different serotype

31
Q

How does severe dengue work?

A

Non-neutralising antibodies coat the virus and form immune complexes
Get internalised into mononuclear phagocytes through their fc receptors
Products of the complement cascade are released
Sudden increased vascular permeability, shock and death

32
Q

What is the immunopathology of RSV?

A

Infection in early life shows an unbalanced Tht/Th2 response
-> depressed inflammatory cytokine production, CD8+ responses and IgG production
Slow clearance and poor memory cell development
-> enhanced IgE production, leading to allergy/asthma on re-exposure

33
Q

What is the pathology of influenza?

A 
Mild URTI-> severe LRTI
LRTI-> damaged lung epithelia and viral pneumonia
Fever
Neurological (headache, malaise)
Myalgia
34
Q

What is antigen shift?

A

When a virus suddenly changes its surface proteins

35
Q

What is antigen drift?

A

The gradual changing of surface proteins over time

MBD/MI (Wothaya) (57 decks)

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