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MBD/MI (Wothaya) > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host

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2
Q

What are the 3 main classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans?

A

Protozoa
Helminths
Ectoparasites

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3
Q

What is a Protozoa?

A

Microscopic single celled organism that is free living or parasitic

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4
Q

Are Protozoa able to multiply in humans?

A

Yes

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5
Q

How are Protozoa transmissed?

A

If in the intestine the fecal-oral route

If in the blood or tissues - arthropod vector

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6
Q

What are the types of Protozoa?

A

Amoeba
Flagellates
Ciliates
Sporozoney plasmodium

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7
Q

What are the medically important Protozoa infections?

A 
Entamoeba histolytica
Gordia lambton
Trichomonas vaginalis
Malarias
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium 
Leishmania species
Trypanosoma Cruzi
Trypanosoma brucei
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8
Q

What does entamoeba histolyca cause?

A

Ulcers in the duodenum, dysentery

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9
Q

What does gordia lambton cause?

A

Diarrhoea

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10
Q

What does trichomonas vaginalis cause?

A

Infections in the genital tract

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11
Q

What is toxoplasma gondii transmitted through?

A

Cats

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12
Q

What does cryptosporidium cause?

A

Diarrhoea

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13
Q

What does leishmania cause?

A

Ulcers in skin and systemic disease

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14
Q

What are helminths?

A

Large multicellular worms

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15
Q

Can helminths multiply in humans?

A

Not in its adult stages

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16
Q

What are the types of helminths?

A

Nematodes
Trematodes
Cestodes

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17
Q

What are the types of nematodes?

A

Soil transmitted helminths
Filarial parasites
Others

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18
Q

What type of worms are nematodes?

A

Roundworms

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19
Q

What type of worm are trematodes?

A

Flukes

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20
Q

What is special about the male/ female trematodes?

A

Males are larger and the females live inside them

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21
Q

What are the medically important trematodes?

A

Schistosoma mansoni/haematobium/japonicum
Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciola hepatica
Paragonimus

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22
Q

What does clonorchis sinensis cause?

A

Carcinoma of the bladder

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23
Q

Where does fasciola hepatica live?

A

In the liver

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24
Q

Where does paragonimus live?

A

In the lungs

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25
Q

How long are cestodes?

A

2-3 metres long

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26
Q

What type of worm are cestodes?

A

Tapeworms

27
Q

What are medically important cestodes?

A

Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus

28
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A

Blood sucking arthropods that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time

29
Q

What are the medically important ectoparasites?

A

Mites
Ticks
Lice
Flies

30
Q

What are the types of mites?

A

Scabies

Trombiculid

31
Q

Where are scabies found?

A

Animal infected sand

32
Q

Where are trombiculid found?

A

Found in vegetation

33
Q

What are the types of ticks?

A

Hard and soft

34
Q

What are some examples of lice?

A

Pediculus humans capitals
Pediculus humanus
Pthirus pubis

35
Q

What are some examples of neglected tropical diseases?

A

Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Guinea worm disease

36
Q

What are the types of parasitic host?

A

Intermediate

Definitive

37
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

Host in which larval or asexual stages develop

38
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

Host in which adult or sexual stage occurs

39
Q

What are the types of parasitic vectors?

A

Mechanical

Biological

40
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

No development of parasite in vector

41
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

When some stages of the life cycle occur

42
Q

What is the life cycle of schistosomiasis?

A

Eggs expelled in urine or faeces
Develop in fresh water
Invade snails
Asexual reproduction that amplifies parasite number
Infect people when they come into contact with the infected water

43
Q

What is the primary determinant of parasite distribution in human populations?

A

Relative wealth

44
Q

What does DALY stand for?

A

Disability adjusted life expectancy

45
Q

What are the mode and opportunities for parasitic infection?

A

Faeco-oral
Food
Complex life cycles
Etc

46
Q

How can you decrease the faeco-oral transmission of parasites?

A

Household sanitation
Access to clean water
Personal hygiene behaviours

47
Q

How can you decrease the food transmission of parasites?

A

Animal husbandry,
Surveillance
Regulations and government controls

48
Q

How is chagas spread?

A

Bitten by bug which defecates on the skin

If you scratch the bite the faeces will enter

49
Q

What is chagas infected with?

A

Metacyclic trypomastigotes

50
Q

What do metacyclic trypomastigotes do?

A

Multiply in cells and burst them, spreading disease further

51
Q

What are the phases of chagas?

A

Acute
Chronic indeterminate
Chronic determinate

52
Q

What are the organs most affected in chronic chagas?

A

Heart and intestines

53
Q

Why does chronic chagas affect the heart and intestines?

A

Damages the autonomic nervous system

54
Q

What complications in the mega colon are caused by chronic chagas?

A 
Hecatoma
Obstruction
Sigmoid volvulus
Ulceration
Perforation
55
Q

What is the pathogenesis of acute chagas?

A

Tissue damage caused by inflammatory response to parasite

56
Q

What is the pathogenesis of indeterminate chronic chagas?

A

Regulatory immune response characterised by IL-10 and IL-17

57
Q

Where are visceral leishmaniasis found?

A

Asia
Middle East/ Africa
Latin america

58
Q

Where (geographically) are cutaneous leishmaniasis found?

A

Mediterranean

Central and South America

59
Q

What is the lifecycle of a leishmaniasis?

A

Sandfly bite

Promastigotes enter immune cells and replicate to form amastigotes

60
Q

What is the old world vector of leishmaniasis?

A

Sergentomyia

61
Q

What are the new world vectors of leishmaniasis?

A

Phlebotomus

62
Q

What is the reservoir of leishmaniasis?

A

Domestic dogs and rodents like sloth

63
Q

How do cutaneous leishmaniasis present?

A

Small Papule that grows into a plaque

64
Q

How do you get a sample for cutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Scrape from the edge of the plaque onto a slide, then stain with giemsa

MBD/MI (Wothaya) (57 decks)

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