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MBD/MI (Wothaya) > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host

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2
Q

What are the 3 main classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans?

A

Protozoa
Helminths
Ectoparasites

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3
Q

What is a Protozoa?

A

Microscopic single celled organism that is free living or parasitic

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4
Q

Are Protozoa able to multiply in humans?

A

Yes

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5
Q

How are Protozoa transmissed?

A

If in the intestine the fecal-oral route

If in the blood or tissues - arthropod vector

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6
Q

What are the types of Protozoa?

A

Amoeba
Flagellates
Ciliates
Sporozoney plasmodium

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7
Q

What are the medically important Protozoa infections?

A 
Entamoeba histolytica
Gordia lambton
Trichomonas vaginalis
Malarias
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium 
Leishmania species
Trypanosoma Cruzi
Trypanosoma brucei
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8
Q

What does entamoeba histolyca cause?

A

Ulcers in the duodenum, dysentery

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9
Q

What does gordia lambton cause?

A

Diarrhoea

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10
Q

What does trichomonas vaginalis cause?

A

Infections in the genital tract

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11
Q

What is toxoplasma gondii transmitted through?

A

Cats

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12
Q

What does cryptosporidium cause?

A

Diarrhoea

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13
Q

What does leishmania cause?

A

Ulcers in skin and systemic disease

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14
Q

What are helminths?

A

Large multicellular worms

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15
Q

Can helminths multiply in humans?

A

Not in its adult stages

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16
Q

What are the types of helminths?

A

Nematodes
Trematodes
Cestodes

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17
Q

What are the types of nematodes?

A

Soil transmitted helminths
Filarial parasites
Others

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18
Q

What type of worms are nematodes?

A

Roundworms

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19
Q

What type of worm are trematodes?

A

Flukes

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20
Q

What is special about the male/ female trematodes?

A

Males are larger and the females live inside them

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21
Q

What are the medically important trematodes?

A

Schistosoma mansoni/haematobium/japonicum
Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciola hepatica
Paragonimus

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22
Q

What does clonorchis sinensis cause?

A

Carcinoma of the bladder

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23
Q

Where does fasciola hepatica live?

A

In the liver

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24
Q

Where does paragonimus live?

A

In the lungs

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25
How long are cestodes?
2-3 metres long
26
What type of worm are cestodes?
Tapeworms
27
What are medically important cestodes?
Taenia saginata Taenia solium Echinococcus granulosus
28
What are ectoparasites?
Blood sucking arthropods that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time
29
What are the medically important ectoparasites?
Mites Ticks Lice Flies
30
What are the types of mites?
Scabies | Trombiculid
31
Where are scabies found?
Animal infected sand
32
Where are trombiculid found?
Found in vegetation
33
What are the types of ticks?
Hard and soft
34
What are some examples of lice?
Pediculus humans capitals Pediculus humanus Pthirus pubis
35
What are some examples of neglected tropical diseases?
Lymphatic filariasis Onchocerciasis Guinea worm disease
36
What are the types of parasitic host?
Intermediate | Definitive
37
What is an intermediate host?
Host in which larval or asexual stages develop
38
What is a definitive host?
Host in which adult or sexual stage occurs
39
What are the types of parasitic vectors?
Mechanical | Biological
40
What is a mechanical vector?
No development of parasite in vector
41
What is a biological vector?
When some stages of the life cycle occur
42
What is the life cycle of schistosomiasis?
Eggs expelled in urine or faeces Develop in fresh water Invade snails Asexual reproduction that amplifies parasite number Infect people when they come into contact with the infected water
43
What is the primary determinant of parasite distribution in human populations?
Relative wealth
44
What does DALY stand for?
Disability adjusted life expectancy
45
What are the mode and opportunities for parasitic infection?
Faeco-oral Food Complex life cycles Etc
46
How can you decrease the faeco-oral transmission of parasites?
Household sanitation Access to clean water Personal hygiene behaviours
47
How can you decrease the food transmission of parasites?
Animal husbandry, Surveillance Regulations and government controls
48
How is chagas spread?
Bitten by bug which defecates on the skin | If you scratch the bite the faeces will enter
49
What is chagas infected with?
Metacyclic trypomastigotes
50
What do metacyclic trypomastigotes do?
Multiply in cells and burst them, spreading disease further
51
What are the phases of chagas?
Acute Chronic indeterminate Chronic determinate
52
What are the organs most affected in chronic chagas?
Heart and intestines
53
Why does chronic chagas affect the heart and intestines?
Damages the autonomic nervous system
54
What complications in the mega colon are caused by chronic chagas?
``` Hecatoma Obstruction Sigmoid volvulus Ulceration Perforation ```
55
What is the pathogenesis of acute chagas?
Tissue damage caused by inflammatory response to parasite
56
What is the pathogenesis of indeterminate chronic chagas?
Regulatory immune response characterised by IL-10 and IL-17
57
Where are visceral leishmaniasis found?
Asia Middle East/ Africa Latin america
58
Where (geographically) are cutaneous leishmaniasis found?
Mediterranean | Central and South America
59
What is the lifecycle of a leishmaniasis?
Sandfly bite | Promastigotes enter immune cells and replicate to form amastigotes
60
What is the old world vector of leishmaniasis?
Sergentomyia
61
What are the new world vectors of leishmaniasis?
Phlebotomus
62
What is the reservoir of leishmaniasis?
Domestic dogs and rodents like sloth
63
How do cutaneous leishmaniasis present?
Small Papule that grows into a plaque
64
How do you get a sample for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Scrape from the edge of the plaque onto a slide, then stain with giemsa

MBD/MI (Wothaya) (57 decks)

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