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MBD/MI (Wothaya) > Review Of The Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Review Of The Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the innate immune system recognise?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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2
Q

What are the PAMPs on gram -ve bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane

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3
Q

What are the PAMPs on gram +ve bacteria?

A

Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

What are some general examples of PAMPs?

A

Bacterial flagellum
Abnormal protein glycosylation
Abnormal nucleic acids (in viruses)

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5
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

Host factors that specifically recognise a particular type of PAMP

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6
Q

What are the functional classes of PRRs?

A

Extracellular
Intracellular
Secretory

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7
Q

How do extracellular PRRs work?

A

Recognise PAMPs outside of a cell and trigger a co-ordinated response to the pathogen

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8
Q

How do intracellular PRRs work?

A

Recognise PAMPs inside a cell and at to coordinate a response to the pathogen

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9
Q

How do secretory PRRs work?

A

Tag circulatory pathogen for elimination

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10
Q

What are the components of innate immunity?

A 
Inflammatory response
Phagocytes
Complement
Cytokines, chemokines and anti-microbial peptides
Natural killer cells
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11
Q

What is the inflammatory response pathway?

A

Enhanced permeability and extravasation
Neutrophil recruitment
Enhanced cell adhesion
Enhanced clotting

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12
Q

What is the inflammatory response triggered by?

A

release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at the site of infection

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13
Q

How do phagocytes recognise pathogenic cells?

A

Detecting phosphatidylserine on exterior membrane surface
Detecting atypical sugars
Scavenger receptors
Passive sampling
Detecting complement proteins bound to the pathogen surface

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14
Q

What is the role of macrophages in infection?

A

Activated macrophages produce cytokines and chemokines

-> stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses

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15
Q

What are the pathways in the complement system?

A

Classical
Lectin
Alternative

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16
Q

What happens in the classical complement pathway?

A

Recognises antigens and lipopolysaccharide polyanions

17
Q

What happens in the leptin pathway complement system?

A

Recognises atypical glycosylation

18
Q

What happens in the alternative complement pathway system?

A

Lack of host control factors

19
Q

What are the types of PRRs?

A

Toll-like receptor
NOD-like receptors
RIG-like receptors

20
Q

What do the toll-like receptors target?

A

DsRNA, ssRNA

21
Q

What do NOD-like receptors affect?

A

Some viral DNA and RNA

22
Q

What do RIG-like receptors target?

A

Viral dsRNA and 5’-triphosphoRNA

23
Q

What are cytokines and chemokines?

A

Glycoprotein hormones that affect the immune response

24
Q

What do cytokines act to do?

A

Modify the behaviour of cells in the immune respose

25
Q

What do chemokines act as?

A

Chemotactic factors that create concentration gradients which attract specific cell types to a site of production/infection

26
Q

What are interferons?

A

Main antiviral cytokines

27
Q

What is the interferon system?

A

Virus replicates inside the cell
Cell lyses and releases interferon and viral progeny
Interferon binds to neighbouring cells triggering the transcription of lots of viral genes
Virus then tries to infect new cells in the environment, causing translational arrest

28
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides?

A

Secreted short peptides that usually work by disrupting cell wall leading to lysis

29
Q

What are natural killer cells activated by?

A

Loss of MHC class 1 molecules on target cell surfaces and up-regulation of activating ligands

30
Q

What are diseases associated with complement defects?

A

Core defects linked to a development of autoimmune diseases such as lupus

Non-core defects linked to susceptibility of specific types of pathogens such as neisseria

31
Q

What are diseases associated with macrophage deficiency defects?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

IRF8 mutations linked to susceptibility to TB

32
Q

What causes aicardi-goutieres syndrome?

A

Constitutive production of inflammatory cytokines

MBD/MI (Wothaya) (57 decks)

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