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MBD/MI (Wothaya) > Mechanisms Of Disease During Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Mechanisms Of Disease During Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main periods of human development?

A

Embryonic and fetal

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2
Q

When is the embryonic period and what happens in it?

A

Fertilisation -> week 8

When most of the organogenesis happens

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3
Q

When is the fetal period and what happens in it?

A

Week 8-> birth

Growth and modelling of organs

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4
Q

When does cleavage happen?

A

When zygote is moving from the site of fertilisation to the uterus

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5
Q

What is another name for the 16-cell zygote?

A

Morula

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6
Q

What is compaction?

A

The trophoblast secretes fluid inside, forming a blastocoele that pushes the inner cell mass to one side
-> inner cell mass splits into the hypoblast and the epiblast

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7
Q

In the morula, which cells are polar and what are their poles called?

A

Trophoblast cells have an apical and a basolateral surface

Inner cell mass are apolar

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8
Q

What is the blastocoele?

A

Fluid filled space secreted by trophoblast

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9
Q

What is the blastocyst?

A

Thing formed when the trophoblast has secreted the blastocoele and pushed the inner cell mass to the side

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10
Q

What does the inner cell mass split into?

A

Hypoblast and epiblast

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11
Q

Which part of the epiblast is touching the blastocoele?

A

Hypoblast

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12
Q

What happens once the embryo is fully implanted?

A

Formation of the bilaminar germ disk

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13
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Differentiation from two layers of cells to three

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14
Q

What is another name for the hypoblast?

A

Primitive endoderm

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15
Q

What is the primitive endoderm displaced by in gastrulation?

A

Involuting cells that become the definitive endoderm and mesoderm

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16
Q

Where does the primitive groove form and what does it do?

A

One end of the epiblast and moves along the epiblast, displacing the hypoblast

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17
Q

What happens when the primitive streak reaches the other end of the epiblast?

A

It regresses

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18
Q

Where does the mesoderm form?

A

Between the epi and hypoblast

19
Q

What does the hypoblast form?

A

Endoderm

20
Q

What does the epiblast form?

A

Ectoderm

21
Q

How is the notochord formed?

A

Primitive streak regression

22
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A rod of cells that secrete molecules extracellularly that instruct the exoderm on top of it to become neural tissue

23
Q

What forms the neural plate?

A

Notochord secretions

24
Q

What forms the neural tube?

A

Folding of the neural plate

25
Q

Where is the neural tube found?

A

Buried in the embryo (covered by surface ectoderm)

26
Q

Where does neural tube formation start?

A

In the middle and moves out towards the edges

27
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Specification of the CNS

28
Q

What does the mesoderm organise into?

A

Blocks called somites

29
Q

What are somites precursors to?

A

Muscles and bones etc

30
Q

What does folding of the embryo form?

A

Umbilical cord

31
Q

What is happening at the same time as neurulation and somitogenesis?

A

Gut formation and body folding

32
Q

What model does the embryo folding follow?

A

Cloth purse model

33
Q

What happens in embyronic folding?

A

Septum and heart move from the margin to the centre

Yolk sac, allantois and stalk make the umbilical cord

34
Q

What delimits the gut tube?

A

Prochordal and cloacal plates

35
Q

What happens in organogenesis?

A 
Differentiation of somitic derivitives
Development of sensory organs
Limb formation
Formation of facial structures
Formation of genital structures
36
Q

What are the stages of development from egg -> adult?

A 
Egg
Fertilisation
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Neurulation and somitogenesis
Organogenesis
Adult
37
Q

Which limbs develop first?

A

Forelimbs

38
Q

What is the establishment pattern of limb formation?

A

Proximodistal,
anterior-posterior,
dorsal-ventral

39
Q

What are the desirable characteristics of a model organism?

A 
Relevance/representitive
Accessibilty/availibility
Experimental manipulation
Genetics
Cost/space
40
Q

What are specific gene mutations?

A

Cases when mutation in one particular gene will be enough to display a characteristic defect

41
Q

What are chromosomal anomalies?

A

Whole chromosomal rearrangements responsible for a disease

42
Q

What is an example of a chromosomal abormality?

A

Trisomy 21- downs syndrome

43
Q

What is a polygenic disorder?

A

When several different genes are simultaneously affected, causing disease

44
Q

What are environmental factors?

A

Deleterious influence of the environment on a particular process

MBD/MI (Wothaya) (57 decks)

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