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MBD/MI (Wothaya) > Bacterial Pathogens And Disease 2- Endotoxins > Flashcards

Bacterial Pathogens And Disease 2- Endotoxins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a gram negative bacterial cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharide
Peptidoglycan
Cell membrane

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2
Q

What are the components of the lipopolysaccharide part of the gram negative bacterial cell wall outer membrane?

A

O-polysaccharide
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A

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3
Q

What are the features of the O-polysaccharide?

A

Highly variable between species

Hydrophilic

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4
Q

What are the features of a core polysaccharide?

A

Relatively constant between species and hydrophilic

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5
Q

What is a core polysaccharide made up of?

A

Ketodeoxyctenoic acid and heptose

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6
Q

What is an O-polysaccharide made up of?

A

Repeat units of tri-, tetra- or pentosaccharide sugars

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7
Q

What is lipid A made up of?

A

Phosphatidyl glucosamines attached to long chain fatty acids

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8
Q

What are the features of lipid A?

A

Number and type of fatty acid varies by species

Hydrophobic

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9
Q

What are lipoproteins made up of?

A

Porin

Protein

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10
Q

What is peptidoglycan made up of?

A

Periplasm

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11
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Phospholipid

Proteins

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12
Q

What are the features of an endotoxin?

A

Heat stable

Not converted to toxoids

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13
Q

What are endotoxins a major initiator of?

A

The sepsis pathway

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14
Q

What are the only types of bacteria endotoxins are found in?

A

Gram -ve bacteria

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15
Q

Which is the active component of endotoxin?

A

Lipid A

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16
Q

What is sepsis primarily driven by?

A

Innate immune system response

17
Q

What cells does the innate immune response involve?

A 
Macrophages
Monocytes
Granulocytes
Natural killer cells
Dendritic cells
18
Q

What do the innate immune system cells detect?

A

PAMPs and DAMPs

19
Q

What is an example of a PAMP?

A

Endotoxin

20
Q

Where do DAMPs come from?

A

Damaged host cells

21
Q

What is PAMP and DAMP detection mediated by in sepsis?

A

Cell membrane receptors: TLR and C-type lectin receptors

Cytosol receptors: NOD and RIG-I-like receptors

22
Q

What are the effects of PAMPs and DAMPs in sepsis?

A

Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha, IL-1 and IL-6

23
Q

What are the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1?

A

Increase number, lifespan and activation state of innate immune cells
Increase adhesion molecule and chemokine expression by endothelial cells
Increase acute phase protein such as complement, fibrinogen and CRP
Cause fever
Causes NETS
Release of microparticles by activated platelets
Increase tissue factor expression by blood monocytes

24
Q

What are NETs?

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps

25
Q

What are NETs made of?

A

DNA and antimicrobial proteins

26
Q

What do NETs form?

A

A scaffold for platelet activation

27
Q

What happens in dysregulation in sepsis?

A

Production of reactive oxygen species
Complement activation
Widespread immunothrombosis
Mitochondrial damage

28
Q

What does the production of reactive oxygen species cause?

A

Damages cellular proteins, DNA and lipids and impairs mitochondria

29
Q

What does complement activation cause?

A

Increase ROS, granulocyte enzyme release, endothelial permeability and tissue factor expression

30
Q

What does mitochondrial damage lead to?

A

Decreased intracellular ATP and cells enter a state of hibernation that exacerbates organ dysfunction

31
Q

How is sepsis resolved?

A

IL-10 production
Autophagy and removal of PAMPs and DAMPs
Damaged cells undergo apoptosis and engulfment by macrophages

32
Q

What does IL-10 do in sepsis resolution?

A

Suppresses production of IL-6 and gamma interferon

Stimulates production of soluble TNF receptor and IL-1 receptor antagonist

33
Q

What is meningococcal sepsis caused by?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

34
Q

What are the meningococcal sepsis serotypes?

A

A, B, C, Y, W, 135

35
Q

What is serotype A associated with?

A

Large outbreaks in the Sahel region of africa

36
Q

How is meningococcal sepsis so effective?

A

Releases blebs full of LPS

MBD/MI (Wothaya) (57 decks)

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