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Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vestibular system responsible for

A

Maintaining balance, posture and spatial awareness

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2
Q

What are the 3 receptor systems involved in vestibular system

A

The eyes
General proprioceptive
Vestibular receptors in the inner ear

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3
Q

What 2 apparatus are in the ear

A

Vestibular apparatus

Cochlear apparatus

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4
Q

In what structure are the cells and the mechanics of the vestibular system contained

A

The labyrinth

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5
Q

What is found inside the labyrinth

A

Fluid

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6
Q

Is the fluid in auditory or vestibular part

A

Both

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7
Q

What is the inner fluid called

A

Endolymph

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8
Q

What is the outer fluid called

A

Perilymph

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9
Q

What are the electrolyte levels in perilymph

A

High sodium

Low potassium

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10
Q

What are the electrolyte levels in endolymph

A

High potassium

Low sodium

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11
Q

What is the advantage of there being different electrolyte levels in the 2 fluids

A

Provides an ionic gradient (endocochlear potential)

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12
Q

When the head is in neutral position, how are the circular ducts positioned

A

Vertical to eachother
Anterior ventral
Posterior ventral
Lateral horizontal

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13
Q

What happens if you turn your head

A

The fluid moves in the same direction as you turn your head

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14
Q

What is found next to semicircular duct

A

Utriculus and Sacculus

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15
Q

What cells are found in utriculus and sacculus

A

Vesicle protrusions

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16
Q

Where are the vestibular signalling cells sitting

A

Vesicle protrustion

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17
Q

Which cells are activated by the slushing on fluid, and what information can be gathered from this

A

Vestibular signalling cells

The semilunar ducts being activated and whether utriculus and sacculus

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18
Q

What kind of cilia are found in vestibular signalling cells

A

Sterocillia

Short

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19
Q

What happens when endolymph bends the stereocilia

A

Bends towards the kinocilium is depolarisation

Causes release of glutamate

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20
Q

What happens when glutamate is released

A

Vestibular system nerve fibres are activated

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21
Q

What happens when cells are hyperpolarised

A

Hyperpolarisation

Glutamate release ceases

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22
Q

What kind of cells modulate neurotransmitter release

A

Cholinergic cells

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23
Q

What are the hair cells embedded in and why

A

Gelatatinous fluid called pupillae

Allows for proper bending

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24
Q

What accompanies activation of one semi-circular duct

A

Deactivation of the other one

25
What kind of encoding does utricular provide
Horizontal (lying down vs standing up)
26
What kind of encoding does saccular provide
Vertical
27
What is nystagmus
Involuntary movement of the eye Form of vestibulo-ocular reflex Combination of initial slow rotation followed by fast flick back
28
2 types of nystagmus
Horizontal and vertical
29
How are the nerves involved in eye movement connected
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
30
What sensory organs respond to angular acceleration
Semicircular ducts
31
How is head movement (angular acceleration) detected
Turning the head excites receptors in one ampulla and inhibits receptors on the other side
32
How to kinocilium in the otoliths differ from in the semicircular ducts
They are not orientated in a consistent direct
33
How do kinocilium point in the saccule
Away from striola in the middle
34
How do kinocilium point in the utricle
Towards the striola in the middle
35
Where do the otoliths lie
Against the wall of the inner eye between the semicircular ducts and the cochlear
36
What is the function of the vestibulo-occular reflex
Controls eye mvoement to stabilise images during head movements
37
How many neurones are involved in the arc of the vestibulo-ocular reflex
Oculomotor nuclei Vestibular nuclei Vestibular ganglion
38
Which cranial nerve is responsible for rotating the eye laterally
Abducens
39
What cranial nerve is responsible for rotating the eye medially
Occulomotor
40
What happens when head turns to the left
- Eyes turn to the right by contraction of right lateral rectus and left medial rectus - Flow towards utricle causes depolarisation - Abducens excites contralalteral occulomotor nucleus
41
Why does spontaneous (pathological) nystagmus occur
Damage to vestibular apparatus/ brainstem/ cerebellum
42
What structures detect linear acceleration
The otoliths
43
What is a normal nystagmus
Optikokinetic and rotational nystagmus
44
What 4 major nuclei are involved in the central pathway
Superior nucleus Medial nucleus Lateral nucleus Inferior nucleus
45
What part of the cerebellum is connected to vestibulo system
Flocculoodular node
46
What is the oldest part of the cerebellum
Flocculoodular node
47
What does lateral vestibulospinal tract control and where does it start
Control limbs | Lateral vestibular nucleus
48
Where does lateral vestibular nucleus receive information from
Utriculus
49
What information travels through medial vestibulospinal tract
Information to the eye muscles
50
Name some symptoms of vestibular system pathologies
- Nystagmus - Nausea - Dizziness - Disequilibrium - Vertigo
51
What does the macula innervate and what tract does this give rise to
Inferior and lateral nuclei giving rise to ateral vestibulo spinal tract
52
What does medial vestibular nucleus allow
Ability to rotate body without confusing the head
53
What is Kinetosis
Motion sickness
54
Causes of vestibular problems
``` Nerve/ inner eye infections Tumours Vascular insufficiency Trauma Endolymph imbalance ```
55
Name 3 major peripheral vestibular pathologies
Kinetosis Menieres diseases Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
56
Name the test for BPPV
Hallpike manoeuvre
57
Describe the hallpike manoeuvre
`-Lower head to table and turn to one side, watching eyes for nystagmus - If patient gets dizzy and exhibits nystagmus, ear pointed to floor is affected ear - If nothing happens repeat test on other side
58
What is thought to cause BPPV
Due to damaged otoconia from utricle being displaced into semilunar canal

BB 2 (28 decks)

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