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BB 2 > Vestibular System > Flashcards

Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vestibular system responsible for

A

Maintaining balance, posture and spatial awareness

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2
Q

What are the 3 receptor systems involved in vestibular system

A

The eyes
General proprioceptive
Vestibular receptors in the inner ear

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3
Q

What 2 apparatus are in the ear

A

Vestibular apparatus

Cochlear apparatus

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4
Q

In what structure are the cells and the mechanics of the vestibular system contained

A

The labyrinth

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5
Q

What is found inside the labyrinth

A

Fluid

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6
Q

Is the fluid in auditory or vestibular part

A

Both

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7
Q

What is the inner fluid called

A

Endolymph

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8
Q

What is the outer fluid called

A

Perilymph

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9
Q

What are the electrolyte levels in perilymph

A

High sodium

Low potassium

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10
Q

What are the electrolyte levels in endolymph

A

High potassium

Low sodium

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11
Q

What is the advantage of there being different electrolyte levels in the 2 fluids

A

Provides an ionic gradient (endocochlear potential)

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12
Q

When the head is in neutral position, how are the circular ducts positioned

A

Vertical to eachother
Anterior ventral
Posterior ventral
Lateral horizontal

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13
Q

What happens if you turn your head

A

The fluid moves in the same direction as you turn your head

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14
Q

What is found next to semicircular duct

A

Utriculus and Sacculus

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15
Q

What cells are found in utriculus and sacculus

A

Vesicle protrusions

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16
Q

Where are the vestibular signalling cells sitting

A

Vesicle protrustion

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17
Q

Which cells are activated by the slushing on fluid, and what information can be gathered from this

A

Vestibular signalling cells

The semilunar ducts being activated and whether utriculus and sacculus

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18
Q

What kind of cilia are found in vestibular signalling cells

A

Sterocillia

Short

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19
Q

What happens when endolymph bends the stereocilia

A

Bends towards the kinocilium is depolarisation

Causes release of glutamate

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20
Q

What happens when glutamate is released

A

Vestibular system nerve fibres are activated

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21
Q

What happens when cells are hyperpolarised

A

Hyperpolarisation

Glutamate release ceases

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22
Q

What kind of cells modulate neurotransmitter release

A

Cholinergic cells

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23
Q

What are the hair cells embedded in and why

A

Gelatatinous fluid called pupillae

Allows for proper bending

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24
Q

What accompanies activation of one semi-circular duct

A

Deactivation of the other one

25
Q

What kind of encoding does utricular provide

A

Horizontal (lying down vs standing up)

26
Q

What kind of encoding does saccular provide

A

Vertical

27
Q

What is nystagmus

A

Involuntary movement of the eye
Form of vestibulo-ocular reflex
Combination of initial slow rotation followed by fast flick back

28
Q

2 types of nystagmus

A

Horizontal and vertical

29
Q

How are the nerves involved in eye movement connected

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

30
Q

What sensory organs respond to angular acceleration

A

Semicircular ducts

31
Q

How is head movement (angular acceleration) detected

A

Turning the head excites receptors in one ampulla and inhibits receptors on the other side

32
Q

How to kinocilium in the otoliths differ from in the semicircular ducts

A

They are not orientated in a consistent direct

33
Q

How do kinocilium point in the saccule

A

Away from striola in the middle

34
Q

How do kinocilium point in the utricle

A

Towards the striola in the middle

35
Q

Where do the otoliths lie

A

Against the wall of the inner eye between the semicircular ducts and the cochlear

36
Q

What is the function of the vestibulo-occular reflex

A

Controls eye mvoement to stabilise images during head movements

37
Q

How many neurones are involved in the arc of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

Oculomotor nuclei
Vestibular nuclei
Vestibular ganglion

38
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for rotating the eye laterally

A

Abducens

39
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for rotating the eye medially

A

Occulomotor

40
Q

What happens when head turns to the left

A
  • Eyes turn to the right by contraction of right lateral rectus and left medial rectus
  • Flow towards utricle causes depolarisation
  • Abducens excites contralalteral occulomotor nucleus
41
Q

Why does spontaneous (pathological) nystagmus occur

A

Damage to vestibular apparatus/ brainstem/ cerebellum

42
Q

What structures detect linear acceleration

A

The otoliths

43
Q

What is a normal nystagmus

A

Optikokinetic and rotational nystagmus

44
Q

What 4 major nuclei are involved in the central pathway

A

Superior nucleus
Medial nucleus
Lateral nucleus
Inferior nucleus

45
Q

What part of the cerebellum is connected to vestibulo system

A

Flocculoodular node

46
Q

What is the oldest part of the cerebellum

A

Flocculoodular node

47
Q

What does lateral vestibulospinal tract control and where does it start

A

Control limbs

Lateral vestibular nucleus

48
Q

Where does lateral vestibular nucleus receive information from

A

Utriculus

49
Q

What information travels through medial vestibulospinal tract

A

Information to the eye muscles

50
Q

Name some symptoms of vestibular system pathologies

A
  • Nystagmus
  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Disequilibrium
  • Vertigo
51
Q

What does the macula innervate and what tract does this give rise to

A

Inferior and lateral nuclei giving rise to ateral vestibulo spinal tract

52
Q

What does medial vestibular nucleus allow

A

Ability to rotate body without confusing the head

53
Q

What is Kinetosis

A

Motion sickness

54
Q

Causes of vestibular problems

A 
Nerve/ inner eye infections
Tumours
Vascular insufficiency
Trauma
Endolymph imbalance
55
Q

Name 3 major peripheral vestibular pathologies

A

Kinetosis
Menieres diseases
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

56
Q

Name the test for BPPV

A

Hallpike manoeuvre

57
Q

Describe the hallpike manoeuvre

A

`-Lower head to table and turn to one side, watching eyes for nystagmus

  • If patient gets dizzy and exhibits nystagmus, ear pointed to floor is affected ear
  • If nothing happens repeat test on other side
58
Q

What is thought to cause BPPV

A

Due to damaged otoconia from utricle being displaced into semilunar canal

BB 2 (28 decks)

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