Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BB 2 > Anatomy of physiology of pain > Flashcards

Anatomy of physiology of pain Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of pain

A

Nociceptive
Prolonged/ inflammatory
Neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define nociceptive pain

A

Pain elicited by brief noxious stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is function of noxious pain

A

Prevent further damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the result in a mutation of Nav1.7 channel

A

Presents with abnormal pain sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is CIPA

A

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What mutation causes CIPA

A

trkA

Receptor for nerve growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does trkA mutation lead to

A

Decreased pain sensitivity

Anhydrosis (inability to sweat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is prolonged/ inflammatory pain central or peripheral

A

Peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is prolonged/ inflammatory pain

A

Hypersensitivity from inflammation around an area of the body that has been injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the biological function of inflammatory pain

A

Prevent further damage and assist tissue repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is chronic pain central or peripheral sensitisation

A

Central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define chronic pain

A

Pain that has been present for 3 months that results from disease/ damage to PNS/CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is neuropathic pain

A

Pain persists in the absence of initial injury

Several PNS and CNS abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What nerves sense pain from internal organs

A

General visceral afferents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does pain from general visceral affarents respond to

A

Distention

Not sensitive to cutting or burning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the 4 stages of pain

A

Transduction
Transmission
Perception
Modulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe phase 1 of pain

A

Transduction–> at the receptor

Noxious stimuli translated into electrical activity at sensory nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe phase 2 of pain

A

Transmission–> nerve fibres

Propagation of impulses along pain pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe phase 3 of pain

A

Perception–> areas of brain

Descrimination/ affect/ motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe phase 4 of pain

A

Modulation

Stages 1-3 are modified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are nociceptors

A

Non-specialised receptors that use free nerve endings

Often polymodal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define polymodal

A

Respond to more than one type of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name 3 types of nociceptors

A

Cutaneous
Muscular
Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of cutaneous nociceptors

A

Aid conversion of a noxious stimuli into an electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What pain does TRPV1 receptor detect

A

heat and acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What pain does ASIC receptor detect

A

Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What pain does TRPM8 receptor detect

A

Cold/ menthol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define transmission

A

Travel of the receptor impulses along different pain pathways to different parts of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Function of first order neurones

A

Carry sensory impulse from sensory receptor to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What kind of pain is associated with a-delta fibres

A

Fast, prick pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Function of a-delta fibres

A

Localising source of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What kind of pain is associated with c fibres

A

Slow burning pain

33
Q

Where do the impulses travelling via peptide poor C fibres travel to

A

Dorsal horn

34
Q

Where do impulses travelling via peptidergic C fibres tro travel

A

Dermis

35
Q

Once at the dermis what do peptidergic C fibres release?

A

Substance P for vasodilation and mast cell histamine release

36
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat
Red
Pain
Swelling

37
Q

What do first order neurones synapse with

A

Second order neurones

38
Q

What do c fibres innervate

A

Lamina 1

39
Q

What do a delta fibres inneravte

A

Project neurones at laminae 1 and 5

40
Q

As well as a-delta fibres, what else does lamina 5 receive input from

A

A-beta

C fibres

41
Q

Where does the anterior/ neo spinothalamic tract go to

A

Primary and secondary somatosensory cortex

42
Q

Where does lateral/ paleo spinothalamic tract go

A

Anterior cingulate anad rostral insular cortex

43
Q

Which aspects of pain does the anterior spinothalamic tract detect

A

Where/ how

44
Q

What fibres does neo spinothalamic tract use

A

Fast a-delta fibres

45
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract project to

A

VPL and VPM of thalamus

Projects to primary and secondary cortex

46
Q

What does the lateral spinothalamic tract detect

A

Affective- motivation

Quality of pain

47
Q

What fibres does lateral spinothalamic tract use

A

C fibres

A-delta fibres

48
Q

What does the lateral spinothalamic tract project to

A

Mediodorsal nucleus

Posterior thalamus- posterior nucleus and ventral mediate nucleu

49
Q

Where does the MDvc project to

A

Anterior cingulate cortex

50
Q

Where do Pom and Vmpo project to, and what information does this give

A

Insula

Quality of pain

51
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex perceive about pain

A

Pain localisation

52
Q

What does secondary somatosensory cortex perceive about pain

A

Pain intensity

53
Q

What does insula perceive

A

Pain intensity

54
Q

What does anterior cingulate cortex perceive

A

Emotion and attention

55
Q

What does prefrontal cortex perceive

A

Emotion and memory

56
Q

What is the gate control theory of modulation

A

Projection neurone of lamina 1

57
Q

What is counter stimulation analgesia

A

Convergence

2 difference sensory inputs fuse into 1 when trave

58
Q

Stimulation of which fibres are involved in counter stimulation analgesia

A

A-beta fibres that stimulaate lamina 2

59
Q

What does TENS stand

A

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators

60
Q

How do TENS machine work

A

Stimulate a-beta fibres
Stimulate area around painful region through low intensity and high frequency stimuli
Aim to stimulate inhibitory lamina 2 interneurones

61
Q

What is meant by supraspinal (descending) analgesia

A

Type of modulation whereby descending systems modulate the transmission of ascending pain signals

62
Q

Which is the main region of the brain involved in supraspinal descending analgesia

A

Periaqueductal grey in main region

63
Q

Deep brain stimulation of which area is used to decrease pain

A

Periaqueductal grey

64
Q

Name 3 areas of the brain that the periaqueductal grey stimulates

A

Locus coeruleus
Nucleus raphe magnus
Reticular formation

65
Q

What does nucleus raphe magnus transmit

A

Serotonin and encephalin

66
Q

What is meant by arousal analgesia

A

Sympathetic system stimulation via reticular formation

67
Q

What does arousal analgesia cause

A

Noradrenaline release

Activation of inhibitory lamina 2

68
Q

What does phospholipase A2 releases from cell membranes

A

Arachidonic acid

69
Q

What drugs can target arachidonic acid

A

Steroids

70
Q

What molecules use arachidonic acid as substrate for prostaglandin synthesis

A

COX-1 and COX-2

71
Q

Is COX-2 always present or just in inflammation

A

Inflammation

72
Q

What is peripheral sensitisation

A

Increased sensivity to pain (heat induced pain means primary thermal hyperalgesia, pressure pain- primary mechanical hyperalgesia)

73
Q

What is central sensitisation

A

Increased mechanical sensitisation extending outside the region of flare
Thermal responses normal

74
Q

Why does flare occur

A

Release of peptides by C fibres and other local inflammatory mediators

75
Q

What is dysfunctional pain

A

No known lesion or inflammation

76
Q

How do COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes used arachnoid acid?

A

For prostagalndin synthesis

77
Q

How do prostaglandins sensitise C fibres

A

Increasing number of other receptors and by increasing number of open sodium channels

78
Q

What do nociceptor affarents release during central sensitisation, and what is the result of this

A

Glutamate and peptides

Results in increased sensitivity of dorsal horn nociceptive second order neurones to inputs

79
Q

How is acupuncture thought to work?

A
  • Activates A delta fibres
  • Thus stimulating diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC) of pain
  • Pain can inhibit pain

BB 2 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions