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BB 2 > Sleep and conciousness > Flashcards

Sleep and conciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Define conciousness

A

Ability of a person to react to stimulus in the outside world

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2
Q

Define coma

A

Unarousable response

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3
Q

What is high arousal

A

Hyper alert and fast reactivity

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4
Q

What does EEG stand for

A

Electroencephalograph

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5
Q

What does EEG measure

A

Average activity of the neurones NOT activity of individual neurones

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6
Q

What are the EEGs best used for

A

Detection of seizures

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7
Q

How do neurones fire during a seizure

A

Large groups of neurones all fire at the same time producing large amplitude waves

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8
Q

What is the normal amplitude/ frequency of neurones in the brain

A

High frequency

Low amplitude

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9
Q

Is desynchronisation or synchronisation normal in terms of neurones firing

A

Desynchronisation is normal

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10
Q

How do synchronised waves appear on an EEG

A

High amplitude, slow wave

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11
Q

The more synchronised the cortical neuronal activity…

A

The less consious the individual

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12
Q

What is conciousness a function of

A

Desynchronisation

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13
Q

What can be seen on an EEG during normal, slow wave sleep

A 
Cortical neuronal synchronisation
Large amplitude (delta) slow waves
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14
Q

What happens during slow wave sleep

A
  • Increased growth and maintenance of immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular symptoms
  • Growth hormone secretion
  • Wound repair and regrowth of injured tissue
  • Expansion of channels between neurones
  • CSF influx
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15
Q

How do glycogen stores change during sleep

A

They grow

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16
Q

What is the result of the high levels of aerobic metabolism that occurs during waking

A

Accumulation of free radical reactive species

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17
Q

Is metabolic rate higher or lower during sleep

A

Lower

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18
Q

Where is melatonin released from

A

Pineal gland

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19
Q

What are the functions of melatonin

A

Powerful free radical scavenger
Maintains GABA functions
Prevents seizures

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20
Q

What brain structure appears to control sleep and wakefullness

A

Reticular formation of pons

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21
Q

Where do pontine neurones project

A

Diffusely to the cerebral cortex

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22
Q

Signals from which brain structure modulate the pontine centres

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Function of hypothalamus in terms of sleep/wake cycle

A

Decides when we need sleep and sends signal to the pons

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24
Q

2 main stimuli for sleep

A

Chemicals in the blood

Diurnal rhythms

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25
Q

Around which structures in the blood brain barrier leaky

A

Medial and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

26
Q

Receptors in which nuclei detect blood levels of molecules of sleep

A

Medial and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

27
Q

Name 2 chemicals that inhibit sleep

A

Ghrelin

Glucose

28
Q

Name 2 chemicals that induce sleep

A

Adenosine

Leptin

29
Q

Caffiene is an antagonist to what molecule

A

Adenosine

30
Q

Where does the preoptic nucleus project and what neurones are contains on this structure

A

Projects to the tuberomamillary nucleus which contains histaminergic neurones

31
Q

Are the histaminergic neurones on tuberomamillary nucleus active during waking or sleep

A

Waking

32
Q

Where do the histamingeric neurones on the tuberomamillary nucleus project to

A

All areas of the neocortex

33
Q

How does the preoptic nucleus trigger sleep

A

Inhibiting activity of tuberomamillary activity

34
Q

Effect of antihistamine on sleep

A

Cause drowsiness

35
Q

The retina projects to which nucleus to regulate diurnal rhythm of sleep

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

36
Q

Where does the suprachiasmatic nucleus project

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus

37
Q

How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus ‘know’ the hours of the day

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina sends axons to SCN which fire continuously into daylight
Integrates into hours of day by SCN

38
Q

Briefly state the pathogenesis of narcolepsy

A

Autoimmune attack on orexin containing neurones by T cells

Loss of orexin peptides

39
Q

Where are orexin cell bodies found

A

Posterior hypothalamus

40
Q

What do orexins stimulate release of? Effect of this

A 
Ach
Noradrenaline
5-HT
Dopamine
Maintains wakefullness
41
Q

When is sleep induced

A

When signals from the preoptic nuclei and suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibit histamine and orexin release

42
Q

What is the effect of inhibiting histamine and orexin release

A

Stops excitatory drive to the monoamine neurones of the reticular formation of pons and midbrain

43
Q

What cells groups are found in the locus coeruleus

A

Noradrenergic cells

44
Q

What cell groups are found in the raphe nucleus

A

Serotoninergic cells

45
Q

What cell groups are found in the ventral tegmental area

A

Dopaminergic cells

46
Q

What cell groups are found in the pedunculopontine nucleus

A

Cholinergic

47
Q

What results from a lesion in the reticular formation of pons and midbrain

A

Coma

48
Q

Where do cholinergic peduncular nuclei neurones project to

A

Thalamus

49
Q

As well as pedunculopontine, where are cholinergic neurones found

A

Basal forebrain nucleus adjacent to accumbens

50
Q

Where do the cholinergic neurones found on basal forebrain project to

A

Accumbens nucleus

51
Q

How do Ach levels change during REM sleep

A

Rise to near waking levels

52
Q

When does Ach activate thalamus and cortex

A

During waking and dreaming

53
Q

How do noradrenergic levels change during sleep

A

They drop

54
Q

What is the control centre for the sympathetic nervous system during sleep

A

Locus coeruleus

55
Q

Function of noradrenergic system in sleep and waking

A

Activates alertness and attention

56
Q

Function of serotonergic system in sleep

A

Maintains connection between upper and lower motor neurones

57
Q

Are dopamine levels high or low during sleep

A

Low

58
Q

What does the nigrostriatal dopamine system activate

A

Basal ganglia

59
Q

What do mesolimbic and mesocortical systems activate

A

Frontal cortex and limbic system

60
Q

Purposes of REM

A

Removing junk memories
Stress management
Memory consolidation

61
Q

Why do SSRIs intefere with sleep

A

Serotonin levels should be low during sleep, but SSRI make serotonin levels high 24 hours a day
As REM is associated with memory, consolidation, affects memory

62
Q

How do tricyclic antidepressant affect sleep

A

Induce sleep by blocking histamine receptors

BB 2 (28 decks)

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