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BB 2 > Sleep and conciousness > Flashcards

Sleep and conciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Define conciousness

A

Ability of a person to react to stimulus in the outside world

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2
Q

Define coma

A

Unarousable response

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3
Q

What is high arousal

A

Hyper alert and fast reactivity

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4
Q

What does EEG stand for

A

Electroencephalograph

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5
Q

What does EEG measure

A

Average activity of the neurones NOT activity of individual neurones

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6
Q

What are the EEGs best used for

A

Detection of seizures

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7
Q

How do neurones fire during a seizure

A

Large groups of neurones all fire at the same time producing large amplitude waves

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8
Q

What is the normal amplitude/ frequency of neurones in the brain

A

High frequency

Low amplitude

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9
Q

Is desynchronisation or synchronisation normal in terms of neurones firing

A

Desynchronisation is normal

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10
Q

How do synchronised waves appear on an EEG

A

High amplitude, slow wave

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11
Q

The more synchronised the cortical neuronal activity…

A

The less consious the individual

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12
Q

What is conciousness a function of

A

Desynchronisation

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13
Q

What can be seen on an EEG during normal, slow wave sleep

A 
Cortical neuronal synchronisation
Large amplitude (delta) slow waves
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14
Q

What happens during slow wave sleep

A
  • Increased growth and maintenance of immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular symptoms
  • Growth hormone secretion
  • Wound repair and regrowth of injured tissue
  • Expansion of channels between neurones
  • CSF influx
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15
Q

How do glycogen stores change during sleep

A

They grow

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16
Q

What is the result of the high levels of aerobic metabolism that occurs during waking

A

Accumulation of free radical reactive species

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17
Q

Is metabolic rate higher or lower during sleep

A

Lower

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18
Q

Where is melatonin released from

A

Pineal gland

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19
Q

What are the functions of melatonin

A

Powerful free radical scavenger
Maintains GABA functions
Prevents seizures

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20
Q

What brain structure appears to control sleep and wakefullness

A

Reticular formation of pons

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21
Q

Where do pontine neurones project

A

Diffusely to the cerebral cortex

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22
Q

Signals from which brain structure modulate the pontine centres

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Function of hypothalamus in terms of sleep/wake cycle

A

Decides when we need sleep and sends signal to the pons

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24
Q

2 main stimuli for sleep

A

Chemicals in the blood

Diurnal rhythms

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25
Around which structures in the blood brain barrier leaky
Medial and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
26
Receptors in which nuclei detect blood levels of molecules of sleep
Medial and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
27
Name 2 chemicals that inhibit sleep
Ghrelin | Glucose
28
Name 2 chemicals that induce sleep
Adenosine | Leptin
29
Caffiene is an antagonist to what molecule
Adenosine
30
Where does the preoptic nucleus project and what neurones are contains on this structure
Projects to the tuberomamillary nucleus which contains histaminergic neurones
31
Are the histaminergic neurones on tuberomamillary nucleus active during waking or sleep
Waking
32
Where do the histamingeric neurones on the tuberomamillary nucleus project to
All areas of the neocortex
33
How does the preoptic nucleus trigger sleep
Inhibiting activity of tuberomamillary activity
34
Effect of antihistamine on sleep
Cause drowsiness
35
The retina projects to which nucleus to regulate diurnal rhythm of sleep
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
36
Where does the suprachiasmatic nucleus project
Tuberomamillary nucleus
37
How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus 'know' the hours of the day
Photoreceptor cells in the retina sends axons to SCN which fire continuously into daylight Integrates into hours of day by SCN
38
Briefly state the pathogenesis of narcolepsy
Autoimmune attack on orexin containing neurones by T cells | Loss of orexin peptides
39
Where are orexin cell bodies found
Posterior hypothalamus
40
What do orexins stimulate release of? Effect of this
``` Ach Noradrenaline 5-HT Dopamine Maintains wakefullness ```
41
When is sleep induced
When signals from the preoptic nuclei and suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibit histamine and orexin release
42
What is the effect of inhibiting histamine and orexin release
Stops excitatory drive to the monoamine neurones of the reticular formation of pons and midbrain
43
What cells groups are found in the locus coeruleus
Noradrenergic cells
44
What cell groups are found in the raphe nucleus
Serotoninergic cells
45
What cell groups are found in the ventral tegmental area
Dopaminergic cells
46
What cell groups are found in the pedunculopontine nucleus
Cholinergic
47
What results from a lesion in the reticular formation of pons and midbrain
Coma
48
Where do cholinergic peduncular nuclei neurones project to
Thalamus
49
As well as pedunculopontine, where are cholinergic neurones found
Basal forebrain nucleus adjacent to accumbens
50
Where do the cholinergic neurones found on basal forebrain project to
Accumbens nucleus
51
How do Ach levels change during REM sleep
Rise to near waking levels
52
When does Ach activate thalamus and cortex
During waking and dreaming
53
How do noradrenergic levels change during sleep
They drop
54
What is the control centre for the sympathetic nervous system during sleep
Locus coeruleus
55
Function of noradrenergic system in sleep and waking
Activates alertness and attention
56
Function of serotonergic system in sleep
Maintains connection between upper and lower motor neurones
57
Are dopamine levels high or low during sleep
Low
58
What does the nigrostriatal dopamine system activate
Basal ganglia
59
What do mesolimbic and mesocortical systems activate
Frontal cortex and limbic system
60
Purposes of REM
Removing junk memories Stress management Memory consolidation
61
Why do SSRIs intefere with sleep
Serotonin levels should be low during sleep, but SSRI make serotonin levels high 24 hours a day As REM is associated with memory, consolidation, affects memory
62
How do tricyclic antidepressant affect sleep
Induce sleep by blocking histamine receptors

BB 2 (28 decks)

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