Drug dependence Flashcards
Define addiction
Chronic disease characterised by drug seeking/ usage that is compulsive, difficult to control and despite harmful consequences
Define drug dependence
Adaptive state that develops after repeated use
Define drug abuse
Pattern of drug abuse in which users consume drugs in a way that is directly/ indirectly harmful
Define physical dependence
Dependence involving significant physical- somatic withdrawal symptoms
Define physiological dependence
Dependence involving emotional motivation withdrawal symptoms
Define drug tolerance
Diminishing an effect drug can have after repeated administration
What receptor do opiates target
Mu and delta opiod receptor
What does cocaine target
DA receptor
NAd receptor
5-HT uptake system
What receptors does ethanol target
GABAa
NMDA
What receptor does nicotine target
Nicotinic receptor
What receptor does cannabis target
CB1
What receptor does ket target
NMDA glutamate receptor
What receptor do hallucinogens target
5-HT2a receptors
2 aspects of genetic basis to addiction
Occupancy of dopamine receptor when stimulus induces pleasure
Dopaminergic projection from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens is essential in drug dependence
3 stages of drug dependence
Binge (positive reinforcement)
WIthdrawal (negative reinforcement)
Preoccupation (conditioned positive and negative reinforcement)
How do drugs of abuse affect opiod-peptide dynorphin
Upregulation
What is the effect of activating kappa opiod receptors (via drugs of abuse)
Triggers dysphoria by reduced dopamine release
Acute effects of alcohol consumption
Euphoria Followed by depressed mood Slurring of speech Ataxia Incoordination Pupillary dilation
Chronic effects of alcoholic consumption
Shrinkage of grey matter
Name the cellular targets of MDMA (5)
- 5-HT uptake system
- Dopamine uptake system
- 5-HT2 receptors
- H2 histamine receptor
- Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor
What molecule mediates the behavioural action of MDMA
5-HT
Which 2 things mediate the psychomotor effects of MDMA
5-HT stimulation of dopamine release
Action of 5-HT1b receptor
Is glucose metabolism increased or decreased in MDMA users
Decreased
Symptoms of acute MDMA toxicity
Temp increased Disseminated intravasculalr coagulation Rhabdomyolysis Increased renal water reabsorption Cerebral oedema`
Consequence of MDMA overuse?
Loss of serotonin
What receptors does cannabis bind to
CB1 and CB2
Where are CB1 receptors concentrated
CNS
What is the most abundant g protein coupled receptor in the brain
CB1
In which brain areas in particular are CB1 receptors found
Neocortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, brainstem
Where are CB2 receptors found and with what are they associated
Present in peripheral organs
Associated with immune system
Risks of cannaboid use
Shizophrenia Major depression Gateway drug Paranoia Memory problems
5 key steps in managing addiction
Detoxification Psychological support Medication Evaluation and treatment Long term follow up
What is nalmefene
Used to reduce alcohol consumption
Opiate antagonist
What drug can be used for nicotine addiction
Varenidine
What are the long term effects of crack cocaine
Depression and anxiety
Cardio vascular
Psychosis
Decreased cognitive decline
