Cerebellum

Question 1

Where is the cerebellum located

Answer 1

Posterior cranial fossa

Question 2

Does the cerebellum cross the midline

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

What is the vermis

Answer 3

The part that lies along the midline

Question 4

What divides the vermis and the lateral cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobe

Answer 4

Primary fissure

Question 5

What branches mainly provide the cerebellum

Answer 5

Superior cerebellar artery
AICA
PICA

Question 6

What is the most common site of infarct in the posterior circulation

Answer 6

PICA

Question 7

What forms the roof of the 4th ventricle

Answer 7

Nodulus

medial part of flocculonodular lobe

Question 8

Describe the outer molecular layer of the cerebellum

Answer 8

Pale with mostly axons and only a few cells

Question 9

Describe the middle layer of the cerebellum

Answer 9

Single row of purkinje cells

Question 10

Describe the inner layer of the cerebellum

Answer 10

Granule layer

Thick and contains granule cells

Question 11

Describe the dendritic field of purkinje cells

Answer 11

Dendritic field extends into molecular layer- fields are flat and lie across axis

Question 12

What drives granule cells in the granule layer

Answer 12

Afferents from the cerebellum

Question 13

Where do granule cell axons project to

What do they synapse with

Answer 13

Molecular layer

Purkinje cells

Question 14

Where do purkinje cell axons project to

Answer 14

Deep nuclei of the cerebellum

Question 15

What 2 things do mossy fibres activate in cerebellar circuitry

Answer 15

Granule cells

Deep nuclear cells

Question 16

What do granule cells form and what is the result of this

Answer 16

Form parallel fibres that activate purkinje cells

Question 17

Are purkinje cells excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 17

Inhibitory

Question 18

What do purkinje cells inhibit and why

Answer 18

Deep nuclear cells

To modify their response to mossy fibre input

Question 19

What kind of ‘loop’ in basic cerebellar circuitry

Answer 19

Feed forward inhibition loop

Question 20

What are climbing fibres

Answer 20

Separate input system only into purkinje cells

Modify synapses between parallel fibres and purkinje cells

Question 21

Input and output to cerebellum are via the…

Answer 21

Cerebellar peduncles

Question 22

Does the superior cerebellar peduncle have input or output fibre,s or both?
From/ to where are fibres

Answer 22

Output only

Mainly to VL thalamus

Question 23

Does the middle cerebellar peduncle have input or output fibres or both?
From/ to where are the fibres

Answer 23

Input coming from contralateral cerebral cortex and cranial nerves pia pons

Question 24

Does the inferior cerebellar peduncle have input or output fibres or both?
From/ to where are the fibres

Answer 24

Input from spinal cord via dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts

Question 25

Is the dorsal spinocerebellar tract ipsilateral or contralateral

Answer 25

Ipsilateral

Question 26

What does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract carry information from

Answer 26

Proprioceptors

Question 27

Is the ventral spinocereberllar tract contralateral or ipsilateral

Answer 27

Contralateral

Question 28

What information is carried by the ventral spinocerebellar tract

Answer 28

State of reflexes in spinal cord

Question 29

Describe the crossings of the ventral spinocerebellar tract

Answer 29

Contralateral in spinal cord | Recrosses in braintem to end up on same side

Question 30

Where do the deep cerebellar nuclei lie

Answer 30

White matter below the cortex

Question 31

The outputs from which nuclei are the only output of the cerebellum

Answer 31

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 32

Name the deep cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral

Answer 32

Fastigial n Glubose n Emboliform n Dendate n

Question 33

Which 2 nuclei are also known as the interposed nuclei

Answer 33

Glubose and emboliform

Question 34

What areas of the brain connect to the dendate nuclei

Answer 34

Cerebellar hemisphere and lateral part of anterior lobe

Question 35

What deep cerebellar nuclei processes data from the vermis and medial parts of hemispheres

Answer 35

Fastigial and interposed nuclei

Question 36

What does the flocculo-nodular lobe connect to

Answer 36

Lateral vestibular nuclei on pons

Question 37

Name the 3 'functional' zones of the cerebellum

Answer 37

Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum Cerebrocerebellum

Question 38

What makes up the vestibulocerebellum

Answer 38

Flocconodular lobe and associated deep nuclein

Question 39

What makes up the spinocerebellum

Answer 39

Vermis Cortex- just lateral to vermis Associated deep nuclei

Question 40

What makes up the cerebrocerebellum

Answer 40

Lateral parts of cerebellar hemispheres (both anterior and posterior lobes)

Question 41

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum

Answer 41

Coordinates head and eye movements to ensure stability of gaze

Question 42

How does the vestibulocerebellum control balance of head on the body

Answer 42

Via the medial vestibulospinal tract

Question 43

How does the vestibulocerebellum control balance of the body on the ground

Answer 43

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 44

Where are the motor commands to the neck and eye muscles sent

Answer 44

Via the medial longitudinal fasciculus and its caudal extension (medial vestibulospinal tract)

Question 45

Where do motor commands to the legs travel

Answer 45

Via lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 46

Where are motor programmes for tasks to do with vestibulocerebellum stored

Answer 46

Flocculo-nodular lobe

Question 47

What is the function of the spinocerebellum

Answer 47

Controls locomotion and limb coordination

Question 48

Where does the spinocerebellum receive input from

Answer 48

Spinocerebellar tracts

Question 49

Where does the spinocerebellum tract send its commands down

Answer 49

Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts

Question 50

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

Answer 50

Coordinates movements initiated by the motor cortex | Speech, voluntary movement of hands and arms and hand eye coordination

Question 51

How are flocculonodular syndromes characterised

Answer 51

Poor balance | Disordered eye movements (nystagmus, ocular dysmetria and poor visual persuit)

Question 52

What is truncus ataxia

Answer 52

Syndrome where a person is unable to sit on their bed without steadying themself

Question 53

Common cause in young children to have flocculonodular syndrome

Answer 53

Medulloblastoma

Question 54

Do people with flucculonodular lesions fall on side or opposite side to the lesion

Answer 54

On the same side

Question 55

What characterises spinocerebellar syndrome

Answer 55

Ataxia Hypotonia Tendon reflex changes

Question 56

What is ataxia

Answer 56

Loss of balance and coordination while walking | Patients experiencing ataxia as if intoxicated

Question 57

What is hypotonia

Answer 57

Generalised muscle weakness and fatigue

Question 58

In which group of people is spinocerebellar syndrome often seen

Answer 58

Chronic alcoholics due to lack of vit b

Question 59

What is neocerebellar syndrome

Answer 59

Damage to cerebellar hemispheres

Question 60

Name 7 symptoms of neocerebellar syndromes

Answer 60

``` Loss of hand eye co-ordination Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesis Intention tremor Dysarthria ```

Question 61

What is dysmetria

Answer 61

Inaccurate reaching out with intention tremor

Question 62

What is dysdiadochokinesis

Answer 62

Irregular performance of rapid alternating movement

Question 63

What is dysarthria

Answer 63

Slurred speech due to loss of coordination of muscles

Question 64

What are the causes of neocerebellar syndrome

Answer 64

Stroke Tumour Trauma Degenerative diseases

Question 65

Why is it thought that alcohol intolerance mimims features of cerebellar damage

Answer 65

GABA-ergic inhibitory interneurones | Purkinje cells are GABA-ergic