Schizophrenia Flashcards
What % of the country is affected by schizophrenia
1%
When does the illness tend to emerge (age wise)
16-30
3 kinds of symptoms seen in schizophrenia
Positive
Negative
Cognitive
Examples of positive symptoms
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Agitation
- Disorganised thinking
Examples of negative symptoms
- Introversion
- Apathy
- Low self esteem
- Personal neglect
Examples of cognitive symptoms
- Poor memory
- Attention deficit
- Executive dysfunction
Describe the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
2 of the following (delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking/ behaviour, negative symptoms)
At lweast one must be delusions, hallucinations or disorganised speech
Define catatonia
Variety of abnormal motor postures
What your following family member has schizophrenia, what is chance you will
a) sibling
b) identical twin
c) parents
a) 9
b) 48
c) 6
Name 4 genes associated with schizophrenia
BDNF
COMT
DAOA
Neuregulin 1
Which gene is most seen in schizophrenia
Dysbindin
What function are the following genes associated with shizophrenia
a) BDNF
b) COMT
c) DAOA
d) Neuregulin 1
a) Neurotrophic factor
b) Dopaminergic transmission
c) Glutamatergic transmission
d) Neuroplasticity
Function of dysbindin
May affect dopamine D2 receptor levels and glutamate and gaba transmission
Function of DISC1
Associated with neurodevelopment and signalling in corticolimbic areas
DOAO and BDNF are mainly associated with…..
Prototypical mood disorder
DISC1 and NRG1 are mainly associated with…
Prominent psychotic and affective features
What changes can be seen in brain MRI of somebody with schizophrenia
Larger ventricles and smaller mesial temporal lobe structures
What does an ERP represent and how can it be measured
Event-related potential (how brain responds to stimulus)
EEG
Is there increased or decreased frontal activation in schizophrenia
Decreased
What are the signs of progressive poor outcome of schizophrenia
Prominent temporal sulcus marking
How are synaptic spines and dendritic complexity different from the norm in people with schizophrenia
Decreased synaptic spines
Decreased dendritic complexity
What is the effect of hypofrontality on dopamine release
Leads to excessive striatal dopamine release
Name the 3 main dopaminergic pathways in central nervous system
Mesocortical
Mesolimbic
Nigrostriatal
Changes in which 2 dopaminergic pathways are associated with schizophrenia
Hyperactivity in the mesolimbic pathway
Hypoactivity in the mesocortical pathway
State the mechanism of schizophrenia drugs
D2 receptor antagonist
What was the first antipsychotic drug called
Chlorpromazine
What kind of symptoms do anti-psychotic drugs treat
Positive
Name some typical antipsychotics (5)
Chlorpromazine Thioridazine Fluphenazine Haloperidol Flupenthixol
Name some atypical antipsychotics (6)
Risperidone Olanzapine Clozapine Quetiapine Paliperidone Aripirazole
Are typical or atypical anti-psychotics first choice
Atypical
At which receptor do atypical antipsychotics also have high agonistic affinity
5-HT2
Which receptor does clozapine block with high affinity
d4
Which drug combins antagonist and partial agonist effects on different d2 receptor population
Aripiprazole
What extra-pyramidal effects can be seen when patients take antipsychotifcs
Acute dystonias
Parkinsonism
Tardive dyskinesia
What are the other side effects of antipsychotic drugs
Prolactin rise Weight gain Dyslipidemia Type 2 diabetes Postural hypotension
Which anti-psychotics have anticholinergic effects
Clozapine
Haloperidol
What are the advantages of atypical antipsychotics
Less EPS
Less cardiac toxicity
Less hyperprolactinaemia
Side effects of atypical antipsychotics
Weight gain Hyperglyaemia Insulin resistance Dyslipidaemia Cardiovascular disease
Side effects of typical antipsychotics
More EPS Tarditive dyskinesia Weight gain QT interval prolongation Sudden death Hyperprolactinaemia
What are the symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Hyperpyrexia Muscle rigidity Tremor Confusion Autonomic instability
What is tardive dyskinesia
Involuntary movement of the lips, jaw, face
Grimacing
Constant chewing
Tongue thrusting
Which antipsychotics can be offered as im injections for slow release
Fluphenazine
Haloperidol
Which drug is the drug of choice in resistance
Clozapine
Which receptor may be possible to potentiate the activity of to treat schizophrenia
NMDA glutamate receptor
