Anxiety

Question 1

Apart from anxiety, what else are benzodiazepines used for

Answer 1

Epilepsy

Question 2

6 functions of hypnotics and anxiolytics

Answer 2

Relief of anxiety states
Induction of sleep
Sedation and amnesia
Control of withdrawal states
Muscle relaxation
Severe behaviour disturbances

Question 3

What is the master regulator of the sleep wake cycle

Answer 3

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 4

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 4

Hypothalamus

Question 5

When do neurones in the suprachiasmatic nucleus increase their activity

Answer 5

During the light phase (awake)

Question 6

What hormone increases during dark phase

Answer 6

Melatonin

Question 7

Projections from which 3 cell groups are under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 7

Cells of raphe
Tuberomammilary nucleus
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Question 8

What systems are involved in wakefullness

Answer 8

Cholinergic systems and monaminergic projections

Question 9

What nuclei are involved in cholinergic systems involved in wakefullness

Answer 9

Pedunculopontine nucleus

Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

Question 10

What areas of the brain are in the monoaminergic projections involved in wakefullness

Answer 10

Locus coeruleus
Raphe nuclei
Tuberomamillary nucleus

Question 11

What neurones are involved in sleep

Answer 11

GABA and galanin neurones

Question 12

What molecules promote sleep

Answer 12

GABA
Melatonin
Adenosine

Question 13

What molecules maintain wakefullness

Answer 13

Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin
Histamine
Orexin
Ach

Question 14

Define the following

a) REM sleep
b) NREM sleeo
c) slow wave sleeo

Answer 14

a) random eye movement sleep
b) non random eye movement sleeo
c) 4 stages of REM

Question 15

Which gene expression change leads us to believe that memory consolidation is a purpose of sleep

Answer 15

Zif 68

Question 16

What is transient insomnia

Answer 16

Due to jet lag

Question 17

What is chronic insomina

Answer 17

> 3 weeks

Question 18

3 possible causes of short term insomnia

Answer 18

Bereavement
Illness
Stress

Question 19

What 2 categories of drugs are currently used in sleep disorders

Answer 19

Benzodiazepines

Z drugs

Question 20

Which 2 benzodiazepines are used for short term insomnia

Answer 20

Lorazepam and ternazepam

Question 21

What benzodiazepine is used in chronic insomnia

Answer 21

Eszopidone

Question 22

What z drug is used to treat chronic insomnia

Answer 22

extended release zolpidem

Question 23

Name 3 z drugs

Answer 23

Zaleplon
Zolpidem
Zopiclone

Question 24

Are the half lives of Z drugs long or short

Answer 24

short

Question 25

Name 5 unwanted side effects of benzodiazepines

Answer 25

``` Changes in sleep patterns Daytime sedation Rebound insomnia Tolerance Dependence ```

Question 26

Mechanism of action of pregabalin

Answer 26

Binds to alpha 2 delta subunit of voltage gated calcium channels

Question 27

Where is orexin produced

Answer 27

Hypothalamus

Question 28

Another name for orexin

Answer 28

Hypocretin

Question 29

2 forms of orexin

Answer 29

Orexin A and orexin B

Question 30

What mediates the effects of orexin

Answer 30

OX1 and OX2 receptors

Question 31

What does orexin mediate

Answer 31

Arousal, appetite and wakefullness

Question 32

What illness is associated with an orexin deficiency

Answer 32

Narcolepsy

Question 33

How can the orexin system be targeted to treat insomnia

Answer 33

Orexin antagonists can treat it

Question 34

Changes seen in the limbic system in an anxiety disorder

Answer 34

Hyperactivity

Question 35

State 6 genes associated with a panic disorder

Answer 35

``` COMT CCK CCKb receptor Adenosine A2 receptor Monoamine oxidase A 5-HT2 receptor ```

Question 36

What are the 5 main types of anxiolytic drugs

Answer 36

``` Benzodiazepines 5-HT1a agonists SSRI SNRI beta-adrenoceptor antagonist ```

Question 37

Name 3 benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety

Answer 37

Clonazepam Alprazolam Lorazepam

Question 38

Name 2 5-HT1a agonists used to treat anxiety

Answer 38

buspirone | ipsapirone

Question 39

Name 3 SSRI used to treat anxiety

Answer 39

Fluxetine Escitalopram Paroxetine

Question 40

Name 2 SNRI used to treat anxiety

Answer 40

Venlafaxine | Duloxetine

Question 41

Name a beta drenoceptor antagnoist used to treat anxiety

Answer 41

Propanol

Question 42

Why are barbiturates no longer used

Answer 42

Major risk of dependencetion Development of tolerance Induction of liver microsomal enzymes Fatal toxicity in overdose

Question 43

What binding site is present on GABA receptor

Answer 43

Benzodiazepine

Question 44

Effect of benzodiazepine binding to GABA receptor

Answer 44

Positive allosteric modulator Enhances inhibitory effect of GABA Increased frequency of channel opening or increased duration channels are open

Question 45

What drug is used to treat benzodiazepine overdose

Answer 45

Flumazenil

Question 46

How does flumazenil work

Answer 46

Antagonist at benzodiazepine binding sites

Question 47

Where do zaleplon and zolpidem bind

Answer 47

alpha 1 subunit of GABA