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BB 2 > Anxiety > Flashcards

Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

Apart from anxiety, what else are benzodiazepines used for

A

Epilepsy

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2
Q

6 functions of hypnotics and anxiolytics

A 
Relief of anxiety states
Induction of sleep
Sedation and amnesia
Control of withdrawal states
Muscle relaxation
Severe behaviour disturbances
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3
Q

What is the master regulator of the sleep wake cycle

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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4
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

When do neurones in the suprachiasmatic nucleus increase their activity

A

During the light phase (awake)

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6
Q

What hormone increases during dark phase

A

Melatonin

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7
Q

Projections from which 3 cell groups are under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Cells of raphe
Tuberomammilary nucleus
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

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8
Q

What systems are involved in wakefullness

A

Cholinergic systems and monaminergic projections

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9
Q

What nuclei are involved in cholinergic systems involved in wakefullness

A

Pedunculopontine nucleus

Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

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10
Q

What areas of the brain are in the monoaminergic projections involved in wakefullness

A

Locus coeruleus
Raphe nuclei
Tuberomamillary nucleus

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11
Q

What neurones are involved in sleep

A

GABA and galanin neurones

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12
Q

What molecules promote sleep

A

GABA
Melatonin
Adenosine

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13
Q

What molecules maintain wakefullness

A 
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Serotonin
Histamine
Orexin
Ach
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14
Q

Define the following

a) REM sleep
b) NREM sleeo
c) slow wave sleeo

A

a) random eye movement sleep
b) non random eye movement sleeo
c) 4 stages of REM

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15
Q

Which gene expression change leads us to believe that memory consolidation is a purpose of sleep

A

Zif 68

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16
Q

What is transient insomnia

A

Due to jet lag

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17
Q

What is chronic insomina

A

> 3 weeks

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18
Q

3 possible causes of short term insomnia

A

Bereavement
Illness
Stress

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19
Q

What 2 categories of drugs are currently used in sleep disorders

A

Benzodiazepines

Z drugs

20
Q

Which 2 benzodiazepines are used for short term insomnia

A

Lorazepam and ternazepam

21
Q

What benzodiazepine is used in chronic insomnia

A

Eszopidone

22
Q

What z drug is used to treat chronic insomnia

A

extended release zolpidem

23
Q

Name 3 z drugs

A

Zaleplon
Zolpidem
Zopiclone

24
Q

Are the half lives of Z drugs long or short

A

short

25
Q

Name 5 unwanted side effects of benzodiazepines

A 
Changes in sleep patterns
Daytime sedation
Rebound insomnia
Tolerance
Dependence
26
Q

Mechanism of action of pregabalin

A

Binds to alpha 2 delta subunit of voltage gated calcium channels

27
Q

Where is orexin produced

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

Another name for orexin

A

Hypocretin

29
Q

2 forms of orexin

A

Orexin A and orexin B

30
Q

What mediates the effects of orexin

A

OX1 and OX2 receptors

31
Q

What does orexin mediate

A

Arousal, appetite and wakefullness

32
Q

What illness is associated with an orexin deficiency

A

Narcolepsy

33
Q

How can the orexin system be targeted to treat insomnia

A

Orexin antagonists can treat it

34
Q

Changes seen in the limbic system in an anxiety disorder

A

Hyperactivity

35
Q

State 6 genes associated with a panic disorder

A 
COMT
CCK
CCKb receptor
Adenosine A2 receptor
Monoamine oxidase A
5-HT2 receptor
36
Q

What are the 5 main types of anxiolytic drugs

A 
Benzodiazepines
5-HT1a agonists
SSRI
SNRI
beta-adrenoceptor antagonist
37
Q

Name 3 benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety

A

Clonazepam
Alprazolam
Lorazepam

38
Q

Name 2 5-HT1a agonists used to treat anxiety

A

buspirone

ipsapirone

39
Q

Name 3 SSRI used to treat anxiety

A

Fluxetine
Escitalopram
Paroxetine

40
Q

Name 2 SNRI used to treat anxiety

A

Venlafaxine

Duloxetine

41
Q

Name a beta drenoceptor antagnoist used to treat anxiety

A

Propanol

42
Q

Why are barbiturates no longer used

A

Major risk of dependencetion
Development of tolerance
Induction of liver microsomal enzymes
Fatal toxicity in overdose

43
Q

What binding site is present on GABA receptor

A

Benzodiazepine

44
Q

Effect of benzodiazepine binding to GABA receptor

A

Positive allosteric modulator
Enhances inhibitory effect of GABA
Increased frequency of channel opening or increased duration channels are open

45
Q

What drug is used to treat benzodiazepine overdose

A

Flumazenil

46
Q

How does flumazenil work

A

Antagonist at benzodiazepine binding sites

47
Q

Where do zaleplon and zolpidem bind

A

alpha 1 subunit of GABA

BB 2 (28 decks)

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