Memory and amnesia Flashcards
What 3 processes are necessary for information to be learned and remembered
Input (acquisition- perception, encoding)
Hold (storage- consolidation, maintenance)
Output= retrieval- performance, recall, recognition
What is classical conditioning
Neutral signal before unconditioned signal. A reflex
What is operant conditioning
Positive/ negative reinforcement following behaviour
Voluntary change in behaviour
What are the 2 main categories of long term memory
Declarative and non declarative
What are the 2 types of declarative memory
Episodic and Semantic
What is episodic memory
Personal episodes in time and space
What is semantic memory
Facts, meaning, concepts and knowledge about external world
What area of the brain is involved in episodic memory
Hippocampus
Medial temporal lobe
Neocortex
What area of the brain is involved in semantic memory
Lateral and anterior temporal cortex
Prefrontal cortex
What is procedural memory
Covers skills and habits
What brain regions are involved in procedural memory
Striatum, cerebellum, motor cortex
What area of the brain is involved in priming and perceptual learning
Neocortex
What part of the brain is involved in simple classical conditioning
Amygdala and cerebellum
What part of the brain is involved in non-associative learning
Reflex pathway
What structures make up the basal ganglia
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
What is the phonological loop
Temporary store for verbal information particularly speech
What is the visuospatial sketchpad
Store of visual and spatial information
What is anterograde amnesi
Form of amnesia where new events are not transferred to long term memory
What is retrograde amnesia
Form of amnesia where someone will be unable to recall events that occured before amnesia
What is dissociative amnesia
Characterised by blocking out of critical personal information, usually of traumatic or stressful nature
What is Hebb’s postulate
When axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in that one of both cells such as As efficiency as one of cells firing B is increasing
What is long term potentiation
Persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity
What happens when NMDA receptor binds glutamate/ glycine
- Channel opens
- Magneium ions block channel unless cell is depolarised
What happened when NMDA cell depolarised
- Magnesium is expelled from the channel and sodium and calcium ions enter cell
How is the depolarisation needed to remove magnesium achieved
Activating synapse repeatedly as during induction of LTP and LTD
What does induction of LTP produce
Large intracellular calcium rise for short period of time
What does induction of LTD produce
Smaller rise in intracellular calcium over a longer time
Describe the properties of kinases involved in LTP
Relatively insensitive to calcium
Need big calcium change to be activated
Describe the properties of phosphatases involved in LTD
Relatively more sensitive to calcium and activated by small calcium changes
Name 5 ways in which synaptic transmission can be changed
- Increase/ decrease amount of glutamate
- Change number of AMPA receptors
- Change in current passing through each AMPAR
- Change in number of synapses
- Changes in probablity of glutamate receptors
