Memory and amnesia Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 processes are necessary for information to be learned and remembered

A

Input (acquisition- perception, encoding)
Hold (storage- consolidation, maintenance)
Output= retrieval- performance, recall, recognition

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Neutral signal before unconditioned signal. A reflex

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3
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Positive/ negative reinforcement following behaviour

Voluntary change in behaviour

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4
Q

What are the 2 main categories of long term memory

A

Declarative and non declarative

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of declarative memory

A

Episodic and Semantic

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6
Q

What is episodic memory

A

Personal episodes in time and space

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7
Q

What is semantic memory

A

Facts, meaning, concepts and knowledge about external world

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8
Q

What area of the brain is involved in episodic memory

A

Hippocampus
Medial temporal lobe
Neocortex

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9
Q

What area of the brain is involved in semantic memory

A

Lateral and anterior temporal cortex

Prefrontal cortex

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10
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Covers skills and habits

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11
Q

What brain regions are involved in procedural memory

A

Striatum, cerebellum, motor cortex

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12
Q

What area of the brain is involved in priming and perceptual learning

A

Neocortex

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13
Q

What part of the brain is involved in simple classical conditioning

A

Amygdala and cerebellum

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14
Q

What part of the brain is involved in non-associative learning

A

Reflex pathway

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15
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

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16
Q

What is the phonological loop

A

Temporary store for verbal information particularly speech

17
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad

A

Store of visual and spatial information

18
Q

What is anterograde amnesi

A

Form of amnesia where new events are not transferred to long term memory

19
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

Form of amnesia where someone will be unable to recall events that occured before amnesia

20
Q

What is dissociative amnesia

A

Characterised by blocking out of critical personal information, usually of traumatic or stressful nature

21
Q

What is Hebb’s postulate

A

When axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in that one of both cells such as As efficiency as one of cells firing B is increasing

22
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

Persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

23
Q

What happens when NMDA receptor binds glutamate/ glycine

A
  • Channel opens

- Magneium ions block channel unless cell is depolarised

24
Q

What happened when NMDA cell depolarised

A
  • Magnesium is expelled from the channel and sodium and calcium ions enter cell
25
How is the depolarisation needed to remove magnesium achieved
Activating synapse repeatedly as during induction of LTP and LTD
26
What does induction of LTP produce
Large intracellular calcium rise for short period of time
27
What does induction of LTD produce
Smaller rise in intracellular calcium over a longer time
28
Describe the properties of kinases involved in LTP
Relatively insensitive to calcium | Need big calcium change to be activated
29
Describe the properties of phosphatases involved in LTD
Relatively more sensitive to calcium and activated by small calcium changes
30
Name 5 ways in which synaptic transmission can be changed
- Increase/ decrease amount of glutamate - Change number of AMPA receptors - Change in current passing through each AMPAR - Change in number of synapses - Changes in probablity of glutamate receptors