Memory and amnesia

Question 1

What 3 processes are necessary for information to be learned and remembered

Answer 1

Input (acquisition- perception, encoding)
Hold (storage- consolidation, maintenance)
Output= retrieval- performance, recall, recognition

Question 2

What is classical conditioning

Answer 2

Neutral signal before unconditioned signal. A reflex

Question 3

What is operant conditioning

Answer 3

Positive/ negative reinforcement following behaviour

Voluntary change in behaviour

Question 4

What are the 2 main categories of long term memory

Answer 4

Declarative and non declarative

Question 5

What are the 2 types of declarative memory

Answer 5

Episodic and Semantic

Question 6

What is episodic memory

Answer 6

Personal episodes in time and space

Question 7

What is semantic memory

Answer 7

Facts, meaning, concepts and knowledge about external world

Question 8

What area of the brain is involved in episodic memory

Answer 8

Hippocampus
Medial temporal lobe
Neocortex

Question 9

What area of the brain is involved in semantic memory

Answer 9

Lateral and anterior temporal cortex

Prefrontal cortex

Question 10

What is procedural memory

Answer 10

Covers skills and habits

Question 11

What brain regions are involved in procedural memory

Answer 11

Striatum, cerebellum, motor cortex

Question 12

What area of the brain is involved in priming and perceptual learning

Answer 12

Neocortex

Question 13

What part of the brain is involved in simple classical conditioning

Answer 13

Amygdala and cerebellum

Question 14

What part of the brain is involved in non-associative learning

Answer 14

Reflex pathway

Question 15

What structures make up the basal ganglia

Answer 15

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

Question 16

What is the phonological loop

Answer 16

Temporary store for verbal information particularly speech

Question 17

What is the visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 17

Store of visual and spatial information

Question 18

What is anterograde amnesi

Answer 18

Form of amnesia where new events are not transferred to long term memory

Question 19

What is retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

Form of amnesia where someone will be unable to recall events that occured before amnesia

Question 20

What is dissociative amnesia

Answer 20

Characterised by blocking out of critical personal information, usually of traumatic or stressful nature

Question 21

What is Hebb’s postulate

Answer 21

When axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in that one of both cells such as As efficiency as one of cells firing B is increasing

Question 22

What is long term potentiation

Answer 22

Persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

Question 23

What happens when NMDA receptor binds glutamate/ glycine

Answer 23

• Channel opens

- Magneium ions block channel unless cell is depolarised

Question 24

What happened when NMDA cell depolarised

Answer 24

• Magnesium is expelled from the channel and sodium and calcium ions enter cell

Question 25

How is the depolarisation needed to remove magnesium achieved

Answer 25

Activating synapse repeatedly as during induction of LTP and LTD

Question 26

What does induction of LTP produce

Answer 26

Large intracellular calcium rise for short period of time

Question 27

What does induction of LTD produce

Answer 27

Smaller rise in intracellular calcium over a longer time

Question 28

Describe the properties of kinases involved in LTP

Answer 28

Relatively insensitive to calcium

Need big calcium change to be activated

Question 29

Describe the properties of phosphatases involved in LTD

Answer 29

Relatively more sensitive to calcium and activated by small calcium changes

Question 30

Name 5 ways in which synaptic transmission can be changed

Answer 30

• Increase/ decrease amount of glutamate
• Change number of AMPA receptors
• Change in current passing through each AMPAR
• Change in number of synapses
• Changes in probablity of glutamate receptors