Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BB 2 > Epilepsy > Flashcards

Epilepsy Flashcards

1
Q

Define epilepsy

A

A neurological disorder representing a brain state that supports recurrent, unprovoked seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define seizure

A

Abnormal paroxysmal changes in electrical activity of brain

Large scale synchronous discharges of neuronal networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define epileptogenesis

A

Process of brain developing epilepsy: going from normal function to generation of abnormal epileptic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define focal onset epilepsy

A

Seizures arise from specific cortical area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define generalised onset epilepsy

A

Seizures that don’t originate from specific cortical area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define status epilepticus

A

Form of epilepsy that is life threatening medical emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How much of the brain is affected by tonic clonic seizure

A

Whole brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State (in order) phases of tonic clonic seizure

A 
Premonition
Pre-tonic-clonic phase
Tonic phase
Clonic phase
Postical period
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens in premonition phase of tonic clonic seizure

A

Knowledge that seizure is imminent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens in the pre tonic clonic phase

A

Few myoclonic jerk

Brief clonic seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens in tonic phase

A 
Cyanosis
Tonic contraction of axial musculature
Upward eye deviation
Tonic limb contraction
Epileptic cry
Resp muscle contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in clonic phase

A

Jerks of increased amplitude followed by relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens in the postical period

A

Lethargy
Muscle tone
Headache
Muscle soreness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name some structural changes that occur in epilepsy

A

Reorganisation of tissue in temporal lobe

Loss of Chandelier cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is hippocampus changed in epilepsy

A

Prominent loss of cells in CA2+ CA3 hippocampal areas

Hippocampus is sclerotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What structural change may kead to reverberent excitatory circuit

A

Sprouting of mossy fibres of granule cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are chandlier cells

A

Chandelier cells are a special population of interneurones

GABAergic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Function of chandlier cells

A

Control activity of cortical pyramidal cells and synapse on axon initial segment of pyramidal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the effect of losing chandlier cells

A

Loss of inhibitory chandelier cells increases abnormal excitatory activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 3 cellular mechanisms linked to development of epilepsy, and what is each one mediated by

A

Abnormal neuronal excitability (ion channel)
Decreased neuronal inhibitor (GABA dependent)
Increased neuronal excitation (glutamate dependent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What receptors are related to paroxysmal depolarising shift

A

NMDA gluatamate receptor

22
Q

What is the role of glial cells in this case

A

Important role in glutamate transport and clearance through glutamate transports such as EAAT1/EAAT2

23
Q

What 3 things happen because of primary insult

A

Gliosis
Neuron death
Mossy fibre sprouting

24
Q

What does gliosis cause

A

Cytokine and growth factor release
Changes in receptor and ion channel expression
Neurone death

25
Q

What does neurone death cause

A

Cytokine and growth factor release

Mossy fibre sprouting

26
Q

What does cytokine and growth factor release cause

A

Changes in receptor and ion channel expression

Mossy fibre sprouting

27
Q

What is the function of mTOR pathway

A

Major regulator of growth and homeostasis

28
Q

What is the function of REST pathway

A

Negative regulation of expression of genes in CNS

29
Q

Do interneurones tend to be GABAergic or glutamergic

A

GABAergic

30
Q

Name 7 drugs that target sodium channels

A 
Phenyltoin (peter)
Carbamazepine (calmly)
Sodium volproate (spoke, very)
Lamotrigine (lightly)
Topiramate (tony)
Lacosamide (lets go to the)
Zonisamide  (zoo)
31
Q

What is the absence seizure

A

Looks like daydreaming

32
Q

Which 2 epilepsy drugs stabilise the inactivated state of the channels as well as their primary MOA (sodium channels)

A

Phenyltoin

Carbamazepine

33
Q

What kind of seizure can sodium valproate be used to treat

A

All

34
Q

How does lacosamide work

A

Blocks inactivated state of channel

35
Q

How does topiramate work

A

Augmentation of GABA transmission

Inhibition of glutamate AMPA receptor signalling

36
Q

Which 2 drugs can’t be used in absence seizures

A

Phenyltoin

Carbamezepine

37
Q

Name 2 drugs that target calcium channels

A

Ethosuximide

Gabapentin/ pregabalin

38
Q

How does ethossuximide work

A

Used in absence seizures blocks T type calcium channels

39
Q

How does pregabalin work

A

Targets alpha 2 delta subunit of calcium channels

40
Q

Does pregabalin increase or decrease GABA

A

Increase

41
Q

What are benzodiazepines

A

GABA receptor positive allosteric modulator

42
Q

Give an example of benzodiazepine

A

Clonazedam

43
Q

Side effect of clonazedam

A

Sedation

44
Q

How do barbiturates work

A

GABAa receptor positive allosteric modulator

45
Q

Name 2 barbiturates used to treat epilepsy

A

Phenobarbitone

Stiripentol

46
Q

Side effect of phenobarbitone

A

Leads to liver enzyme induction

47
Q

Name a drug that targets neurotransmitter release, how does it work

A

Levetriracetam

Binds to synaptic protein SU2A modulating NT release

48
Q

Name a drug that targets neurotransmitter uptake

A

Tiagabine

49
Q

Mechanism of action of tiagabine

A

Inhibits GABA uptake

INhibits GAT-1 transporter for GABA

50
Q

Name a drug that targets NT synthesis

A

Vigabatrin

51
Q

How does vagabatrin work

A

Inhibition of GABA transamine therefore protects GABA

Overall inhibits GABA metabolism

BB 2 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions