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Anatomy > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main role of the vertebral column

A

to protect the spinal cord and transfer loads from the head, neck, and upper limb to the pelvis

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2
Q

describe the curvature of each region of the spine

A

thoracic and sacral are convex and cervical and lumbar are concave

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3
Q

which spinal curvatures develop first

A

the convex curvatures

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4
Q

describe (in general) the developing spine of an infant

A

the spine of an infant at birth is C shaped, neck muscles start to develop forming the cervical curve of the spine, as the baby learns to crawl the lumbar curve starts to develop, when the baby walks all of the curves are developed fully

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5
Q

what are all of the palpable skeletal landmarks for the spinal column

A
  • cervicothoracic junction (C7)
  • scapular spine (T3)
  • inferior scapular angle (T7)
  • 12th rib (T12)
  • iliac crest (L4)
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6
Q

where is the greatest range of flexion in the spinal cord

A

the lumbar region

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7
Q

where does rotation of the trunk primarily occur

A

thoracic region

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8
Q

which area of the spinal cord has the greatest range of motion

A

the craniocervical region

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9
Q

what is another name for C1

A

atlas

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10
Q

what is another name for C2

A

axis

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11
Q

what does flexion of the cervical spine look like

A

looking down

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12
Q

what impedes flexion in the cervical spine

A

vertebral bodies

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13
Q

what does extension of the cervical spine look like

A

looking up, large ROM

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14
Q

what is extension of the cervical spine accomadated by

A

vertebral bodies

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15
Q

what cervical joint allows for rocking and rolling of the neck

A

atlanto-occipital joint

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16
Q

what does axial rotation of the cervical spine look like

A

looking right or left

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17
Q

where does the vertebral artery run through in the cervical spine

A

the transverse foramina of C2 and C1

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18
Q

what would cause impingement of the vertebral arteries

A

osteoarthritis/bone spurs, rapid and/or forceful twisting of the head and neck, atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis of vertebral artery

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19
Q

what would be the physical manifestation/symptoms of vertebral artery impingement

A

vertigo/dizziness, syncope, visual disturbance

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20
Q

what limits flexion and extension in the thoracic region of the spine

A

-ribs
-articular and spinous processes
-ligaments
-thinness of intervertebral discs

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21
Q

describe flexion and extension in the lumbar region

A

relatively free

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22
Q

what limits lateral flexion/bending in the thoracic region

A

articular processes and ligaments

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23
Q

describe the extent of lateral flexion and bending in the lumbar region

A

somewhat minimal

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24
Q

what promotes rotation of the trunk during bipedal locomotion (walking) in humans

A

orientation of articular processes

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25
Q

what limits trunk rotation in the lumbar region

A

the shape and orientation of the lumbar articular processes and facets

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26
Q

what is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae

A

the vertebral body

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27
Q

what are some hallmark features of C1

A

no spinous process, facet for dens, and no vertebral body

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28
Q

what are some hallmark features of C2

A

the dens

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29
Q

describe the bodies of cervical vertebrae

A

smaller and rectangle/oval shaped

30
Q

why is the vertebral foramina so large in the cervical vertebrae

A

to accommodate the cervical enlargement

31
Q

what is a supernumerary rib

A

an extra rib arising from the 7th cervical vertebrae

32
Q

why is a supernumerary rib dangerous

A

it can result in thoracic outlet syndrome which is the impediment of blood flow from compressing the cervical vessels

33
Q

what are the 3 common variants of cervical ribs

A

rudimentary, fused with first thoracic rub, and fully developed

34
Q

describe the shape of thoracic vertebral bodies

A

heart or triangle shaped

35
Q

describe the size of the vertebral foramina and what runs through it in the thoracic region

A

it is the smallest in the thoracic region of the spinal cord and spinal nerves run through it

36
Q

describe the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

A

short, bifid, projects directly posteriorly

37
Q

describe the transverse processes of cervical vertbrae

A

contains foramina

38
Q

describe the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae

A

long; sharp; projects inferiorly

39
Q

describe what the transverse processes do in thoracic vertebrae

A

bear facets for ribs

40
Q

describe the spinous processes in lumbar vertebrae

A

short, blunt, rectangular, projects directly posteriorly

41
Q

describe transverse processes in lumbar vertebrae

A

thin and tapered

42
Q

what type of joint exist in the spinal column (with the exception of in between vertebral bodies)

A

synovial joints

43
Q

what makes up the sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

44
Q

what is the function of the sacrum

A

-provides strength and stability to the pelvis
- houses and anchors the inferior part of the spinal cord

45
Q

where does T12 articulate with S1

A

the sacral promontory

46
Q

where do coccyx and sacrum articulate

A

the coccygeal cornu and sacral cornu

47
Q

what do ligaments connect

A

bone to bone

48
Q

what do tendons connect

A

bone to muscle

49
Q

what layers make up the thoracolumbar fascia from anterior to posterior

A

anterior layer (quadratus lumborum fascia), middle layer, posterior layer

50
Q

what makes up the anterior layer of the thoacolumbar fascia

A

quadratus lumbora

51
Q

what muscle is in the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia

A

erector spinae muscles

52
Q

what muscle is in the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia

A

the latissimus dorsi

53
Q

what muscle is important in flexion of the vertebral column

A

psoas major

54
Q

what muscle is important in extension of the vertebrae

A

intrinsic deep back muscles

55
Q

what are the 2 parts that make up the intervertebral disc

A

nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus

56
Q

describe the nucleus pulposus

A

spongy

57
Q

what does the annulus fibrosis do

A

provides joint connection between vertebral bodies

58
Q

what ligament exists between processes

A

interspinous ligament

59
Q

where are intervertebral discs the thickest

A

in the lumbar region where they bear the most weight

60
Q

what is kyphosis

A

abnormal or exaggerated thoracic curvature (convex)

61
Q

what does kyphosis result from

A

developmental abnormalities, trauma or degenerative diseases

62
Q

what is lordosis

A

abnormal or exaggerates lumbar curvature (concave)

63
Q

what causes lordosis

A

congenital abnormalities, musculoskeletal problems, degenerative diseases

64
Q

what is scoliosis

A

abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine

65
Q

what causes scoliosis

A

congenital, neuromuscular, idiopathic

66
Q

where is the most common place for herniated discs to occur and what is the most common area of herniation

A

tends to occur in the lumbar region, and occurs in the posterolateral direction

67
Q

what are the possible herniations of discs in the cervical region and what do they affect

A

central stenosis (affects spinal cord) , foraminal stenosis (affects spinal nerves), and herniated disk (affects spinal nerves)

68
Q

what are the causes of thoracic disc herniation

A

-result of wear and tear
- sudden and forceful twisting of the midback region

69
Q

what are the causes of lumbar disc herniation

A

-lumbar bears the most weight
- frequent bending, twisting, and improper lifting increases load on tendons and intervertebral discs
- acute or sudden injury

70
Q

what is spondylolisthesis

A

anterior/ventral displacement of one vertebra on adjacent

Anatomy (27 decks)

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