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Anatomy > Diaphragm and Pleurae > Flashcards

Diaphragm and Pleurae Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thoracic cavity divided into

A

the mediastinum and left and right pleural cavities

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2
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

a movable median partition of the thoracic cavity that extends superiorly to the thoracic outlet/root of the neck and inferiorly to the diaphragm. extends anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to the vertebral bodies

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3
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle lined by pleura superiorly and peritoneum inferiorly that separates the thoracic and abdominal viscera

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4
Q

where is the superior mediastinum

A

bounded anteriorly by the manubrium and posteriorly by vertebral bodies of T1-T4

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5
Q

where is the inferior mediastinum

A

bounded anteriorly by the body of the sternum and posteriorly by the vertebral bodies of the lower 8 thoracic vertebrae

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6
Q

what makes up the inferior mediastinum

A

anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum

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7
Q

what divides the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum

A

an imaginary planed that runs from the sternal angle to the T4 vertebrae

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8
Q

what is the anterior mediastinum

A

space between the pericardium and the sternum

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9
Q

what is in the middle mediastinum

A

pericardium and the heart

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10
Q

where is the posterior mediastinum

A

between the pericardium and the vertebral column

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11
Q

what runs through the diaphragm

A

IVC, esophagus, and aorta

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12
Q

describe the shape of the diaphragm

A

dome shaped (convex superiorly) and consists of a peripheral muscular part which arises from the lateral walls of the thorax and a centrally placed tendon

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13
Q

what is the most important muscle in respiration

A

the diaphragm

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14
Q

what are crura

A

musculotendinous bands of the diaphragm that arise from the anterior surface of L1-L3 and the anterior longitudinal ligament

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15
Q

describe the differences between the right and left crus

A

the right crus is larger and longer and is from L1-L3/L4
the left crus is from L1-L2/L3

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16
Q

what does the median arcuate ligament do

A

unites the crura and forms the aortic hiatus

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17
Q

what is the medial arcuate ligament

A

thickening of fascia (psoas major)

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18
Q

what is the lateral arcuate ligament

A

thickening of fascia (quadratus lumborum)

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19
Q

where are the diaphragmatic apertures

A
  • IVC @ T8
  • Esophogeal hiatus @ T10
  • Aortic hiatus @ T12
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20
Q

what is the nemonic to remember the diaphragmatic apertures

A

i ate ten eggs at noon

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21
Q

what are small openings in the diaphragm for

A

sympathetic splanchnic nerves, sympathetic trunk and superior epigastric vessels

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22
Q

what is the diaphragm innervated by and where

A

mainly the phrenic nerve (C3-5). peripheral parts of diaphragm receive some sensory innervation from lower intercostal nerves

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23
Q

what is the innervation type of the phrenic nerve in the diaphragm

A
  • somatic motor (C3-5)
  • sensory (pain and proprioception)
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24
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation

A

it flattens and contracts and moves down

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25
what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation
diaphragm relaxes and moves up
26
what is the arterial supply to the diaphragm's superior surface
musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic and superior phrenic
27
what part of the diaphragm does the pericardiacophrenic supply and what does it branch from
supplies the middle of the diaphragm and branches from the internal thoracic artery
28
what is the arterial supply to the diaphragm's inferior surface
inferior phrenic
29
where does the superior phrenic branch from
thoracic aorta
30
what is the venous drainage of the diaphragm's superior surface
musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic and right superior phrenic
31
what do musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic veins drain into
the internal thoracic vein
32
what does the right superior phrenic vein drain into
inferior vena cava
33
where do veins from the posterior curvature of the diaphragm drain into
azygous and hemiazygous veins
34
what is the venous drainage of the diaphragm's inferior surface
right inferior phrenic and left inferior phrenic
35
what are pleura or pleural membranes
serous membranes forming closed sacs in the lining of the thoracic cavity
36
what are the two layers of the pleura
visceral pleura and parietal pleura
37
where is the visceral pleura
adheres to lung, continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung
38
where is the parietal pleura
lines the thoracic cavity
39
what is the cupula of the lung
the apex of the lung that extends out above 1st rib
40
what does the pleural cavity contain and what is its function
a small amount of serous pleural fluid that lubricated pleural surfaces and allows layers to slide smoothly over one another during respiration
41
what is a pleural reflection
transitional part when moving from one type of parietal pleura to another type
42
what are pleural recesses
places where parietal pleurae appose each other because the lungs do not completely fill the pleural cavity
43
what are the types of pleural recesses
-costodiaphragmatic - costomediastinal
44
what is the costodiaphragmatic pleural recess
slit like space between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae along the inferior border of the lung which enters through it in deep inspiration
45
what is the costomediastinal pleural recess
slit like space between costal and mediastinal pleurae along the anterior border of the lung which enters into it in deep inspiration
46
what is a thoracentesis
a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall
47
what is the purpose of a thoracentesis
to remove excess fluid, known as pleural effusion from the pleural space to help you breathe easier
48
where is a thoracentesis done and why
between rib 8 and 9 but most commonly above rib 8 because the costodiaphragmatic pleural recess is there and you will avoid vessels and nerves above the rib
49
what is empyema
pus in the pleural space
50
what is hemothorax
blood in the pleural space
51
what is a pneumothorax
air in the pleural space
52
what can a pneumothorax be caused by
blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or damage from underlying lung disease, or occur for no reason, - punctured or collapsed lung
53
what are the symptoms of a pneumothorax
sudden chest pain and shortness of breath
54
what is the treatment for a pneumothorax
inserting a flexible tube or needle between the ribs to remove excess air, small ones may heal on their own
55
what is the arterial blood supply to the visceral pleura
from the branches of the bronchial and pulmonary arterial systems
56
where do bronchial arteries branch off
thoracic/descending aorta
57
where do the veins of the visceral pleura drain into
azygous/hemiazygous veins and some to the pulmonary vein
58
how many bronchial arteries supply each lung
1-2
59
where do bronchial arteries supply blood and what kind of blood
supply oxygenated blood to the nonrespiratory tissues of the lung and visceral pleura
60
where do bronchial arteries anastomose
between the capillaries of the bronchial and pulmonary systems
61
where do bronchial veins drain into
azygos or hemiazygos depending on side
62
what is the arterial supply to the sections of the parietal pleura
-cervical pleura: intercostal vessels - costal pleura: intercostal vessels - diaphragmatic pleura: intercostal vessels (periphery) and pericardiacophrenic vessels (central tendon) - mediastinal pleura: pericardiacophrenic vessels
63
describe the venous drainage of the parietal pleura
venous drainage would be the companion veins of the arterial supply
64
what is the nerve supply in the visceral pleura
no nerve supply
65
what is the nerve supply to the sections of the parietal pleura
identical to vascular supply -cervical pleura: intercostal nerves - costal pleura: intercostal nerves - diaphragmatic pleura: intercostal nerves (around edges) and phrenic nerves (central tendon) - mediastinal pleura: phrenic nerves

Anatomy (27 decks)

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